国際誌論文データベース

Nakashima, S. F.（中嶋智史）, Ukezono, M., & Takano, Y. (2024). 
Painful Experiences in Social Contexts Facilitate Sensitivity to Emotional Signals of Pain from Conspecifics in Laboratory Rats.
社会的文脈における痛み経験は実験室ラットにおける同種個体からの痛みの情動シグナルに対する感受性を促進する 
Animals, 14, 1280.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091280

Previous studies demonstrated that laboratory rats could visually receive emotional pain signals from conspecifics through pictorial stimuli. The present study examined whether a prior painful emotional experience of the receiver influenced the sensitivity of emotional expression recognition in laboratory rats. The experiment comprised four phases: the baseline preference test, pain manipulation test, post-manipulation preference test, and state anxiety test. In the baseline phase, the rats explored an apparatus comprising two boxes to which pictures of pain or neutral expressions of other conspecifics were attached. In the pain manipulation phase, each rat was allocated to one of three conditions: foot shock alone (pained-alone; PA), foot shock with other unfamiliar conspecifics (pained-with-other; PWO), or no foot shock (control). In the post-manipulation phase, the animals explored the apparatus in the same manner as they did in the baseline phase. Finally, an open-field test was used to measure state anxiety. These findings indicate that rats in the PWO group stayed longer per entry in a box with photographs depicting a neutral disposition than in a box with photographs depicting pain after manipulation. The results of the open-field test showed no significant differences between the groups, suggesting that the increased sensitivity to pain expression in other individuals due to pain experiences in social settings was not due to increased primary state anxiety. Furthermore, the results indicate that rats may use a combination of self-painful experiences and the states of other conspecifics to process the emotional signal of pain from other conspecifics. In addition, changes in the responses of rats to facial expressions in accordance with social experience suggest that the expression function of rats is not only used for emotional expressions but also for communication.

げっ歯類のような集団生活を営む哺乳類の生存には、同種の他個体から情動信号を受け取ることが重要である。これまでの研究から、ラットは痛みに対する感情表現を示し、また他個体からの情動的なシグナルを区別することが明らかになっているが、彼らが他個体から受け取った視覚的シグナルをその後の行動に利用しているかは不明であった。本研究では、ラットのその後の行動（すなわち、視覚的な痛みの情動シグナルに近づくか、あるいは中立の情動シグナルに近づくか）に影響を及ぼすように、痛みの経験や他の同居動物の存在を操作した。実験の結果、他個体とともに痛みを受ける経験をした群では、条件操作後において痛み表情写真に比べて中性表情写真に対する1回あたりの接近時間が長くなっていたのに対し、痛みのみを経験した群や痛みを経験していない群ではそのような傾向はみられなかった。これらの結果から、ラットは自己の痛み体験と同種他個体の状態を組み合わせて、他個体からの痛みの情動シグナルを処理している可能性が示された。また、ラットの表情に対する反応が社会的経験に応じて変化することから、ラットの表情は感情表現の機能としてだけでなく、コミュニケーション機能としても使われている可能性が示唆された。

Miura, A.（三浦麻子）, Murayama, A.（村山綾）, & Kitamura, H.（北村英哉） (2024).
Behind the mask: Analyzing the dual influence of social norms on pandemic behavior in Japan.
マスク着用に2つの社会的規範が及ぼす影響
Japanese Psychological Research. (Early View)
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12520

This study examines the relationship between social norms and mask-wearing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan from two distinct normative perspectives: injunctive norms (governmental recommendations) and descriptive norms (observed behavior in others). Data were collected from a panel survey of Japanese residents from February to October 2023. Contrary to the study’s hypothesis, which was based on system justification theory, no significant relationship was found between system justification motivation and individual mask-wearing rates, either before or after the relaxation of governmental rules in March 2023. Additionally, a cross-lagged panel model analysis conducted after the rule relaxation indicated a relationship between descriptive norms (societal estimates of mask-wearing rates) and individual behavior. However, the influence of descriptive norms on individual mask-wearing behavior was not as pronounced as was anticipated. The study highlights the complexities in the interplay between societal norms and individual behavior in public health crises, underscoring the importance of considering various factors, including cultural predispositions.

・アフターコロナ期における日本人のマスク着用に、2種類の規範（「政府による推奨政策」と「周囲の着用状況」）が与える影響を検証した
・長期にわたるパネル調査データを用いて、アフターコロナへの重要な転換期を含む期間を分析した
・マスク着用の動機は、「政府が推奨している」という命令的規範の遵守や周囲からの強い同調圧力というよりも、「私がしたいから」という個人の判断によるものが大きかった
・コロナ禍を題材に、私たちの社会行動と「状況の力」との複雑な関係を明らかにした

Nakata, S. (中田星矢), Masumi, A., & Toya, G. (2024). 
Formalising prestige bias: Differences between models with first-order and second-order cues.
名声バイアスの定式化： 一次手がかりモデルと二次手がかりモデルにおける文化進化の違い
Evolutionary Human Sciences. Published online 2024:1-28. 
doi:10.1017/ehs.2024.12

Knowledge and behaviour are transmitted from one individual to another through social learning and eventually disseminated across the population. People often learn useful behaviours socially through selective bias rather than random selection of targets. Prestige bias, or the tendency to selectively imitate prestigious individuals, has been considered an important factor in influencing human behaviour. Although its importance in human society and culture has been recognised, the formulation of prestige bias is less developed than that of other social learning biases. To examine the effects of prestige bias on cultural evolution theoretically, it is imperative to formulate prestige and investigate its basic properties. We reviewed two definitions: one based on first-order cues, such as the demonstrator’s appearance and job title, and the other based on second-order cues, such as people’s behaviour towards the demonstrator (e.g. people increasingly pay attention to prestigious individuals). This study builds a computational model of prestige bias based on these two definitions and compares the cultural evolutionary dynamics they generate. Our models demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between the two types of formalisation, because they can have different influences on cultural evolution.

Ioku, T.（井奥智大）, & Watamura, E（綿村英一郎）. (2024).
Cultural invariance and ideological variance of collective ownership threat in intergroup relations.
集団間関係における集団的所有権脅威の文化的不変性とイデオロギー的可変性
Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000707

We fear losing control over what we perceive to be ours. This fear is called the collective ownership threat (COT). According to the concept of COT, territorial infringements pose collective ownership threats, which are linked to adverse intergroup relations. Given the distinct features of ethnic homogeneity and collectivism, we examine whether COT can be applied to an East Asian context, Japan. Additionally, the reactive liberal model proposes that liberals are more prone than conservatives to feel threatened by the infringements of an out-group. Integrating COT and reactive liberal models, this study conducted an online experiment with Japanese adults. In the experiment, when the participants were shown an article about a territorial infringement by China, they felt COT and resisted Japan’s support of China’s policies. Furthermore, liberals were more inclined than conservatives to see the infringements as COT and therefore strongly resisted Japan’s support of China’s policies. These results indicate cultural invariance and ideological variance in COT.

プレスリリースURL：https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/ja/research/2024/20240304_1

Tanibe, T. (谷辺哲史), Watanabe, T. (渡辺匠), Oguchi, M. (小口峰樹), Iijima, K., & Ota, K. (2024). 
The psychological process underlying attitudes toward human-animal chimeric brain research: An empirical investigation. 
ヒト-動物キメラ脳への態度に関する心理過程：経験的な検討
Neuroethics, 17, 15.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09552-7

This study adopted an empirical method to investigate lay people’s attitudes toward the bioethical issues of human-animal chimeric brains. The results of online surveys showed that (1) people did not entirely reject chimeric brain research, but showed slightly more negative responses than ordinary animal testing; and that (2) their ethical concerns arose in connection with the perception that chimerism in the brain would humanize the animal. This means that people’s psychology was consistent with the ethical argument that crossing the human-animal boundary would bring moral confusion to our society. Meanwhile, it was not in line with another argument that moral status depended on having high capacities, and that chimerism would cause a problem if it enhanced animals’ capacities. Furthermore, this study analyzed additional psychological factors related to people’s moral judgment and the relationship among those factors. Several psychological factors, such as the perception that chimeric brain research is unnatural, were identified as mediating the relationship between perception of animal humanization and ethical concerns about creating and using chimeric brains. Introducing an empirical approach to the ethics of human-animal chimeric brains brought two findings: (1) this study informed us of socially shared intuition regarding this novel technology; and (2) it unveiled the psychological processes behind people’s ethical concerns in more detail than they spontaneously mentioned. These findings will help to build normative arguments and future policies that are understandable and acceptable to society.

Shimizu, Y.(清水佑輔), Sato, K., Ogawa, S., Cho, D., Takahashi, Y., Yamashiro, D., Li, Y., Takahashi, T., Hinakura, K., Iizuka, A., Furuya, T., & Suzuki, H. (2024). 
Subjective well-being and implicit anti-old attitudes held by Japanese older adults,
日本人高齢者における、主観的ウェルビーイングと高齢者に対する潜在的態度 
Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 24(S1), 402-404. 
https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14721

While ageism in younger people has been examined in many gerontological studies, how older adults perceive older people has not been well examined. We examined the relationship between older adults’ subjective well-being and implicit anti-old attitudes. This study included 56 older Japanese participants (49 women and 7 men; mean age = 71.39 ± 4.38 years; range = 65–82 years). Multiple regression analysis was conducted with implicit anti-old attitudes as the dependent variable, and subjective well-being, cognitive function, higher-level functional capacity, and demographics as the independent variables. Results showed that higher subjective well-being had a marginally significant relationship with fewer implicit anti-old attitudes (β = -.26, p = .08). In future studies, we should improve anti-old attitudes held by older adults.

Vlasceanu, M., Doell, K. C., Bak Coleman, J. B., … Toshiyuki Himichi（日道俊之）...Ishii, T.（石井辰典）, …Toshiki Saito（齊藤俊樹） & Van Bavel, J. J. (2024). 
Addressing Climate Change with Behavioral Science: A Global Intervention Tournament in 63 Countries. 
気候変動に行動科学で取り組む：63カ国で開催された世界規模の介入試験
Science Advances, 10(6), 1–19. 

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.

調査票の日本語訳および日本でのデータ収集は、日道俊之（高知工科大学）・石井辰典（日本女子大学）・伊藤文人（東北大学）・元木康介（東京大学）・齊藤俊樹（早稲田大学）が担当しました（氏名はアルファベット順）。

Kowal, M., Sorokowski, P., … Ishii, T.（石井辰典）, … & Zupančič, M. (2023). 
Validation of the shortened version (TLS-15) of the Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45) across 37 languages. 
短縮版「愛情の三角理論尺度（Triangular Love Scale）」の妥当性を37言語で検証する
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53, 839–857.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02702-7

Love is a phenomenon that occurs across the world and affects many aspects of human life, including the choice of, and process of bonding with, a romantic partner. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to quantify love is Sternberg’s 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. However, our literature review reveals that most studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. Here, aiming to achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, we developed a short version of the scale—the TLS-15—comprised of 15 items with 5-point, rather than 9-point, response scales. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test–retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provide support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which can be used as a measure of love components—either separately or jointly as a three-factor measure.

調査票の日本語訳および日本でのデータ収集は、石井辰典（日本女子大学）・国里愛彦（専修大学）・遠山朝子（専修大学）山田祐樹（九州大学）が担当しました（氏名はアルファベット順）。またこの活動に際し、日本心理学会「新型コロナウイルス感染拡大に関連した実践活動及び研究」の助成を受けました。

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2023). 
Historical changes in baby names in China. 
中国における新生児の名前の歴史的変化
F1000Research, 12, 601.
https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.131990.2

Based on previous research on names and naming practices, I propose three suggestions to Bao et al. (2021), which investigated historical changes in given names of Han Chinese in China between 1920 and 2005. Their study analyzed a one-shot cross-sectional survey conducted in 2005 and reported that unique names increased from 1920 to 2005. The authors concluded that China became more individualistic over time for the period. However, three questions have remained unanswered in Bao et al. (2021). First, were the samples of older birth cohorts truly representative? Second, did unique names increase only after the 1970s? Third, how are the historical changes in average name length interpreted? Answering these three questions would contribute to a further understanding of the historical changes in given names and their underlying psychological/cultural shifts in China.

1920年から2005年の中国における名前の歴史的な変化を検討したBao et al. (2021)に対して、名前と名づけの習慣に関する先行研究に基づき、3つの提案を行った。彼らの研究は、2005年に行われた単発の横断調査を分析し、1920年から2005年にかけて個性的な名前が増えていると報告していた。彼らはその結果から、中国が個人主義化していると結論付けていた。しかし、3つの点で不明確さが残っていた。第1に、昔の出生コホートのサンプルは本当に代表性が高いのか不明であった。第2に、1970年代以降においてのみ、個性的な名前が増えているのか明らかでなかった。第3に、名前の長さの歴史的な変化はどのように解釈されるのか不明であった。これらの疑問に答えることは、中国における名前の歴史的変化とその根底にある心理的・文化的変容を理解することに更なる貢献をもたらすであろう。

【Xにおける紹介】 https://twitter.com/Yu_Ogihara/status/1750728499906920589

Hiraishi, K.（平石界）, Miura, A.（三浦麻子）, Higuchi, M.（樋口匡貴）, Fujishima, Y.（藤島喜嗣）, Nakamura, D., Suyama, M.（須山巨基） (2024). 
A systematic review of conference papers presented at two large Japanese psychology conferences in 2013 and 2018: did Japanese social psychologists selectively report p < 0.05 results without peer review?
日本の大規模な2つの心理学会で2013年と2018年に発表された学会発表に関する系統的レビュー：日本の社会心理学者は、査読がなくてもp < 0.05の結果を選択的に報告していたのか？ 
PeerJ, 12:e16763.
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16763

We conducted a systematic review of conference papers in social psychology at two large psychology conferences in Japan: the Japanese Psychological Association and the Japanese Society for Social Psychology. The conference papers were effectively not subjected to peer review; hence, they were suitable for testing if psychologists selectively reported statistically significant findings without pressure from journal editors and reviewers. We investigated the distributions of z-values converted from the p-values reported in the articles presented at the 2013 and 2018 conferences. The z-curve analyses suggest the existence of selective reporting by the authors in 2013. The expected discovery rate (EDR) was much lower than the observed discovery rate (ODR; 7% vs. 76%, respectively), and the 95% confidence interval (CI) did not include the ODR. However, this does not mean that the set of studies completely lacked evidential value. The expected replication rate (ERR) was 31%; this is significantly higher than 5%, which was expected under the null hypothesis of no effect. Changes were observed between 2013 and 2018. The ERR increased (31% to 44%), and the EDR almost doubled (7% to 13%). However, the estimation of the maximum false discovery rate (FDR; 68% in 2013 and 35% in 2018) suggested that a substantial proportion of the reported findings were false positives. Overall, while social psychologists in Japan engaged in selective reporting, this does not mean that the entire field was covered with false positives. In addition, slight signs of improvement were observed in how they reported their findings. Still, the evidential value of the target studies was weak, even in 2018, allowing for no optimism.

日本の2つの大きな心理学の学会、日本心理学会と日本社会心理学会での社会心理学に関する学会発表について、系統的なレビューを行いました。これらの学会発表は実質的には査読を受けていなかったため、研究者が雑誌の編集者や査読者からの圧力を受けずに統計的に有意な結果を選択的に報告しているかどうかを検証するのに適していました。2013年と2018年の会議で発表された論文に記載されたp値から変換されたz値の分布を調査しました。zカーブ分析により、2013年の著者による選択的報告の存在が示唆されました。期待される発見率（EDR）は観測された発見率（ODR；7％対76％）よりもはるかに低く、95％信頼区間（CI）はODRを含んでいませんでした。ただし、これは研究セット全体が証拠価値を完全に欠いていたわけではありません。期待される再現率（ERR）は31％であり、効果のない帰無仮説の下で予想される5％よりも著しく高かったです。2013年と2018年の間に変化が観察されました。ERRは増加し（31％から44％）、EDRはほぼ倍増しました（7％から13％）。しかし、最大偽発見率（FDR；2013年は68％、2018年は35％）の推定により、報告された結果のかなりの割合が偽陽性であったことが示唆されました。全体として、日本の社会心理学者は選択的報告を行っていたものの、これが分野全体が偽陽性で覆われていることを意味するわけではありません。さらに、彼らが結果を報告する方法にわずかながら改善の兆しが見られました。それでも、2018年における対象研究の証拠価値は弱く、楽観視する余地はありませんでした。