国際誌論文データベース

Neff, K.D., & Miyagawa, Y.(宮川裕基) (2024). 
Self-Compassion Scale for Youth (SCS-Y).
思春期を対象としたセルフ・コンパッション尺度
In Medvedev, O.N., Krägeloh, C.U., Siegert, R.J., Singh, N.N. (eds) Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research. Springer
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_104-1

The Self-Compassion Scale for Youth (SCS-Y) is a measure of self-compassion for adolescents aged 10–15. Its structure is based on the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) for adults. Exploratory structural equation modeling suggests that the SCS-Y represents a bifactor structure identified by a general self-compassion factor and six specific factors: increased self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness, as well as reduced self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification. Across four studies, the SCS-Y exhibited high internal reliability. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, McDonald’s model-based composite reliability, and omega coefficients for the SCS-Y suggest that the use of a total score or six subscales’ scores is warranted. Construct validity of the SCS-Y was established by associations between the SCS-Y and functionally related constructs such as resilience and depression in the expected direction. Levels of self-compassion did not differ by age in the samples of 10–15-year-olds. While three studies did not find sex differences in the level of self-compassion, one study found that adolescent boys were higher in total self-compassion compared to adolescent girls. Overall, these results provide evidence for the psychometric validity of the SCS-Y.

10歳から15歳を対象としたセルフ・コンパッション尺度に関する情報をまとめた論文です。成人を対象としたセルフ・コンパッション尺度と同様に、本尺度は自分への優しさ、共通の人間性、マインドフルネス、自己批判（の低さ)、孤立（の低さ)、過剰同一化（の低さ）という6要素を測定することができます。

Fang, Y.（方予辰）, & Komiya, A.（小宮あすか） (2024). 
Effects of residential mobility on impression formation across different social contexts. 
異なる社会的文脈における印象形成に対する住居流動性の効果
Asian Journal of Social Psychology.(Early View) 
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12630

Research on residential mobility is burgeoning; however, only a few studies have examined this topic in the context of impression formation. In Study 1, we first examined the hypothesis that high residential mobility increases sensitivity to friendliness, whereas low residential mobility increases sensitivity to hostility. In the word completion task, no effects of residential mobility were observed; however, in the impression formation task, participants with high residential mobility perceived friendly new acquaintances with higher amicability than those with low residential mobility (Studies 1a and 1c). Meanwhile, no effect was observed with the hostile new acquaintances (Study 1b). The results suggest that the effects of residential mobility, with a focus on friendliness and hostility, may be highly context dependent. Study 2 partially confirmed this idea, showing that participants with low residential mobility perceived hostile old acquaintances as less friendly than those with high residential mobility, and there was no effect of residential mobility in the case of friendly old acquaintances (Study 3). The role of residential mobility on impression formation was discussed.

これまでの研究では，個人の引越し経験の多寡 (住居流動性) によって，人間関係のあり方が大きく変わることが論じられてきました。本研究では，他者との関係を新規他者と既存他者に分け，個人の引越し経験が他者の印象を形成する視点にどのような影響を与えるかを検討しました。この結果，
・印象形成課題では，引越し経験が多い人は引越し経験が少ない人に比べ，ややポジティブな新規他者をより友好的に認知しました。
・一方，引越し経験が少ない人は，引越し経験が多い人に比べ，ややネガティブな既存他者をより敵意的に認知しました。
・印象形成を離れた文脈の課題（単語完成課題）では，引っ越し経験の有意な効果はありませんでした。 これらの結果を踏まえて，印象形成プロセスに対する住居流動性の影響と文脈の重要性について考察しました。

Mori, R.(森隆太郎), Hanaki, N., & Kameda, T.(亀田達也) (2024). 
An outside individual option increases optimism and facilitates collaboration when groups form flexibly. 
外部の個人オプションの存在は、グループの境界が柔軟な限りにおいて、互いへの楽観を支え協働を促進する
Nature Communications, 15(1), 5520.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49779-9

Voluntary participation is a central yet understudied aspect of collaboration. Here, we model collaboration as people’s voluntary choices between joining an uncertain public goods provisioning in groups and pursuing a less profitable but certain individual option. First, we find that voluntariness in collaboration increases the likelihood of group success via two pathways, both contributing to form more optimistic groups: pessimistic defectors are filtered out from groups, and some individuals update their beliefs to become cooperative. Second, we reconcile these findings with existing literature that highlights the detrimental effects of an individual option. We argue that the impact of an outside individual option on collaboration depends on the “externality” of loners — the influence that those leaving the group still exert on group endeavors. Theoretically and experimentally, we show that if collaboration allows for flexible group formation, the negative externality of loners remains limited, and the presence of an individual option robustly aids collaborative success.

https://www.iser.osaka-u.ac.jp/research/summary/summary20240709.html

Ishii, T.(石井辰典), & Watanabe, K. (2024).
Cultural transmission and religious belief: An extended replication of Gervais and Najle (2015) using data from the International Social Survey Programme.
宗教的信念の文化伝達：International Social Survey Programmeデータの二次分析によるGervais & Najle (2015) の拡張的追試
PLoS ONE, 19(6): e0305635.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305635

Beliefs in supernatural agents or religious beliefs are pervasive, yet there are individual differences in such beliefs. Although various factors have been proposed as relevant, recent research has increasingly emphasized the importance of cultural learning, showing that enthusiastic religious behavior (credibility enhancing displays; CREDs) from parents predicts increased religious beliefs among their children. In addition to this kin-biased learning, Gervais and Najle (2015) analyzed data from the World Values Survey to demonstrate that the number of adults who show religious CREDs is also an important predictor of people’s beliefs, indicating that individuals develop their religious beliefs through conformist learning. This pre-registration study aimed to replicate and extend these findings by analyzing data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), which is another large social survey. We examined the generalizability of the results by analyzing multigenerational samples. Multilevel regression and signal detection analyses revealed that the presence of both kin-biased and conformist learning cues was significantly associated with respondents’ religious beliefs. Moreover, they suggested tension between the two cultural learning cues, thereby suggesting that the effect of kin-biased learning on religious beliefs becomes stronger (weaker) when the cue for conformist learning is unclear (clear). These results support the idea that these two types of cultural learning are crucial to the development of religious beliefs.

Ioku, T. (井奥智大), & Watamura, E. (綿村英一郎) (2024).
An experimental study of the process of felt understanding in intergroup relations: Japanese and Chinese relations in Japan.
集団間関係における理解知覚の過程に関する実験的検討
Scientific Reports, 14, 13096.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63227-0

“Felt understanding” is a crucial determinant of positive interpersonal and intergroup relationships. However, the question of why felt understanding shapes intergroup relations has been neglected. In a pre-registered test of the process in intergroup relations with a sample from East Asia, we manipulated felt understanding (understood versus misunderstood by an outgroup) in an experimental study (N = 476). The results supported the expectation that felt understanding would lead to a more positive intergroup orientation and action intention. The results of parallel mediation analyses showed that felt understanding indirectly predicted intergroup outcomes through felt positive regard, intergroup overlap, and outgroup stereotypes. Furthermore, the results of post-hoc sequential mediation analyses indicated that felt understanding indirectly predicted intergroup outcomes sequentially through felt positive regard and intergroup overlap, followed by outgroup stereotypes.

・「相手が自分のことをわかってくれる」と思うと、人は相手とより関わろうとする傾向がある。その心理的な変化のプロセス、メカニズムを解明 ・その心の働きは、「相手に対する偏見が減る」ことによる部分が大きかった
・本研究成果は外国人に対する差別問題の解消に役立つと期待される

プレスリリースによるわかりやすい内容説明： https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/ja/research/2024/20240624_1

Shimizu, Y.(志水勇之進), Ogawa, K.(小川一美), Kimura, M.(木村昌紀), Fujiwara, K.(藤原 健), & Watanabe, N. (2024).
The influence of emotional facial expression intensity on decoding accuracy: High intensity does not yield high accuracy.
表情における感情表出の強度が解読の正確さに及ぼす影響：強度が高くなっても解読の正確さは高まらない
Japanese Psychological Research, 66(4).
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpr.12529

This study examined the relationship between the intensity of emotional expressions in facial stimuli and receivers’ decoding accuracy for six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. A laboratory experiment was conducted using the forced-choice method, in which the intensity of each stimulus was manipulated at every 10% interval using the morphing technique. To explore whether a linear relationship would be observed when the intensity was finely manipulated at 10% intervals, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. The mean percentage of correct responses for each stimulus was the dependent variable, and the linear, quadratic, and cubic terms of the stimulus intensity were the independent variables. The results showed that the linear model was not adopted as the final model for all facial expressions; that is, the effect of the squared term of intensity was significant for anger, disgust, fear, and sadness, while the effect of the cubic term of intensity was significant for happiness and surprise. Our findings indicate that a higher intensity of emotional expression does not yield higher decoding accuracy.

・怒り，嫌悪，恐れ，喜び，悲しみ，驚きの6つの基本感情について，表情刺激における感情表出の強度と受け手の解読の正確さとの関係を検討した。
・各刺激の強度はモーフィングを用いて, 0 (中立表情)～100%の10％間隔で操作した。
・各刺激の平均正答率を従属変数，刺激の強度の線形項，2乗項，3乗項を独立変数として表情カテゴリーごとに階層的重回帰分析を行った。
・怒り，嫌悪，恐れ，悲しみでは強度の2乗項の効果が有意であり，喜びと驚きでは強度の3乗項の効果が有意であった。
以上より，感情表出の強度が高いほど解読の正確さが線形的に高まるわけではないことが明らかになった。

Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基), & Niiya, Y. (新谷優). (2024). 
Psychometric validation of the Compassion Scale in Japan (CS-J). 
日本語版コンパッション尺度 (CS-J) の開発
Mindfulness.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02389-4

Objectives: The Compassion Scale (CS) is a model-based scale to measure compassion for others, comprising four subcomponents: kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and sensitivity to the suffering of others. This research examined the psychometric properties of the Compassion Scale in Japan (CS-J). Method: This research (n = 1742) examined the factor structure of the CS-J, the relations of the CS-J to compassion-related constructs (Study 1), intra- and interpersonal well-being (Study 2), and dispositions primarily concerned with the welfare of others (Study 3), and the test-retest reliability over a month (Study 4). Results: Exploratory structural equation modeling identified that a bifactor structure best represented the CS-J. Internal reliability indicators warranted the use of total scores (internal consistency, ω = 0.94) and subscales (ω = 0.82 to 0.92). The test-retest reliability was adequate for the total scores (r = 0.73) and acceptable for the subscales (r = 0.45 to 0.68). The CS-J showed positive correlations with self-compassion, compassionate engagement and action, mindfulness, empathetic concerns, perspective-taking, altruism, compassionate goals, self-image goals, interdependent happiness, positive affect, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social desirability with small to large effect sizes. The CS-J was negatively associated with negative affect and psychological stress responses with small effect sizes. Conclusions: These results provided evidence for the validity of the CS-J. Our results in Japan indicated that compassion for others represents a balanced system of increased compassionate responding and decreased uncompassionate responding toward others’ suffering. Preregistration: Our studies were preregistered at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/jha6q and https://osf.io/b8f5v).

Pommier et al. (2020) によるCompassion Scale (CS) の日本語版です。Dr. Kristin Neffによるセルフコンパッションの概念を他者へのコンパッションに応用した尺度です。CSは16項目で、他者に対するコンパッションを測定します。4つの研究により、日本においても、CSがbi-factor構造を示すこと、セルフコンパッション等と関連すること、信頼性の観点からCS全体得点および４つの下位尺度 (Kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and a lack of indifference toward others’ suffering) が使用可能なことを示しました。CSの日本語項目は論文の電子付録に載っております。

Neff, K. D., & Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基) (2024). 
State Self-Compassion Scale Long Form (SSCS-L) and Short Form (SSCS-S). 
状態セルフ・コンパッション尺度: 18項目版(SSCS-L)および６項目版(SSCS-S)
In: Medvedev, O. N., Krägeloh, C. U., Siegert, R. J., Singh, N. N. (eds) Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research, Springer. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_105-1

The State Self-Compassion Scale-Long Form (SSCS-L) assesses self-compassionate reactions experienced toward a current instance of personal suffering. Its structure is based on the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), which is designed to measure self-compassion as a trait over time. Factor analyses using bifactor modeling and exploratory structural factor analyses (i.e., bifactor ESEM) suggested that, like the SCS, the SSCS-L represents a bifactor structure identified by a general self-compassion factor and six specific factors: increased self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness as well as reduced self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification. The SCSC-L demonstrated excellent reliability, and validity was further established by associations with functionally related constructs such as affect, trait self-compassion, and fears of self-compassion in the expected direction. The State Self-Compassion Scale—Short form (SSCS-S) was created from the SSCS-L items, which includes 6 items (one from each subscale). Findings suggest that the SSCS-S represents a single-factor structure of total state self-compassion with adequate reliability. Both SSCS-L and SSCS-S were able to assess changes in levels of state self-compassion after an experimental manipulation to boost state self-compassion (using a self-compassionate mindstate induction). Specifically, after recalling personal suffering, participants who received the self-compassionate mindstate induction reported increases in total state self-compassion, self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness, and decreases in self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification, while those in a control group did not report significant changes in state self-compassion. Similar results were obtained in Japan, suggesting that the SSCS-L and SSCS-S operate consistently across cultures. The SSCS long and short forms appear to be valid and reliable measures of state self-compassion.

状態セルフ・コンパッション尺度 (Neff et al., 2021) に関する理論的背景、尺度開発過程、米国ならびに日本等における本尺度の妥当性・信頼性に関するまとめです。

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2024).
Numbers of articles in the three Japanese national newspapers, 1872-2021.
日本の三大全国紙における記事数, 1872-2021
Scientific Data, 11, 437.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03245-9

Newspapers have been analyzed in many disciplines, including the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. However, previous research using Japanese newspapers investigated the absolute frequency (number) of articles of interest and did not examine the relative frequency (rate) of articles, restricting a deeper understanding of humans, society, and nature. The absolute frequency and the relative frequency of articles can show different patterns of results, which leads to different conclusions. Thus, investigating only the absolute frequency of articles is insufficient, or sometimes misleading. Therefore, it is necessary to examine not only the absolute frequency of articles but also their relative frequency. For this purpose, I conducted a series of systematic searches and provided the yearly numbers of articles in the three databases of Japanese national newspapers over the 150 years between 1872 and 2021. This paper enables researchers to calculate the relative frequency of articles, contributing to research in many disciplines.

概要（Abstractの日本語訳）
新聞は、人文学・社会科学・自然科学を含めた多くの学術領域によって分析されてきた。しかし、日本の新聞を用いた先行研究は、分析対象とする記事の絶対頻度（数）を検討しているが、相対頻度（全記事に占める割合）は検討していないことが多く、人間や社会、自然の更なる理解を制限していた。記事の絶対頻度と相対頻度は異なるパターンの結果となり得るため、異なる結論が導かれる可能性がある。よって、記事の絶対頻度を検討するだけでは不十分であり、時には判断を誤らせることにもなる。それゆえに、記事の絶対頻度だけでなく、相対頻度も検討する必要がある。相対頻度を算出するため、1872年から2021年までの150年間における、日本の三大全国紙（読売新聞・朝日新聞・毎日新聞）のデータベースに収録された記事に対して、体系的な検索を網羅的に行い、各年の全記事数を報告した。本論文は、記事の相対頻度の算出を可能にすることで、多くの学術領域に貢献する。

https://twitter.com/Yu_Ogihara/status/1786188605213597762

Nakashima, S. F.（中嶋智史）, Ukezono, M., & Takano, Y. (2024). 
Painful Experiences in Social Contexts Facilitate Sensitivity to Emotional Signals of Pain from Conspecifics in Laboratory Rats.
社会的文脈における痛み経験は実験室ラットにおける同種個体からの痛みの情動シグナルに対する感受性を促進する 
Animals, 14, 1280.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091280

Previous studies demonstrated that laboratory rats could visually receive emotional pain signals from conspecifics through pictorial stimuli. The present study examined whether a prior painful emotional experience of the receiver influenced the sensitivity of emotional expression recognition in laboratory rats. The experiment comprised four phases: the baseline preference test, pain manipulation test, post-manipulation preference test, and state anxiety test. In the baseline phase, the rats explored an apparatus comprising two boxes to which pictures of pain or neutral expressions of other conspecifics were attached. In the pain manipulation phase, each rat was allocated to one of three conditions: foot shock alone (pained-alone; PA), foot shock with other unfamiliar conspecifics (pained-with-other; PWO), or no foot shock (control). In the post-manipulation phase, the animals explored the apparatus in the same manner as they did in the baseline phase. Finally, an open-field test was used to measure state anxiety. These findings indicate that rats in the PWO group stayed longer per entry in a box with photographs depicting a neutral disposition than in a box with photographs depicting pain after manipulation. The results of the open-field test showed no significant differences between the groups, suggesting that the increased sensitivity to pain expression in other individuals due to pain experiences in social settings was not due to increased primary state anxiety. Furthermore, the results indicate that rats may use a combination of self-painful experiences and the states of other conspecifics to process the emotional signal of pain from other conspecifics. In addition, changes in the responses of rats to facial expressions in accordance with social experience suggest that the expression function of rats is not only used for emotional expressions but also for communication.

げっ歯類のような集団生活を営む哺乳類の生存には、同種の他個体から情動信号を受け取ることが重要である。これまでの研究から、ラットは痛みに対する感情表現を示し、また他個体からの情動的なシグナルを区別することが明らかになっているが、彼らが他個体から受け取った視覚的シグナルをその後の行動に利用しているかは不明であった。本研究では、ラットのその後の行動（すなわち、視覚的な痛みの情動シグナルに近づくか、あるいは中立の情動シグナルに近づくか）に影響を及ぼすように、痛みの経験や他の同居動物の存在を操作した。実験の結果、他個体とともに痛みを受ける経験をした群では、条件操作後において痛み表情写真に比べて中性表情写真に対する1回あたりの接近時間が長くなっていたのに対し、痛みのみを経験した群や痛みを経験していない群ではそのような傾向はみられなかった。これらの結果から、ラットは自己の痛み体験と同種他個体の状態を組み合わせて、他個体からの痛みの情動シグナルを処理している可能性が示された。また、ラットの表情に対する反応が社会的経験に応じて変化することから、ラットの表情は感情表現の機能としてだけでなく、コミュニケーション機能としても使われている可能性が示唆された。