国際誌論文データベース

Shimizu, Y. (清水佑輔), Hashimoto, T. (橋本剛明), & Karasawa, K. (唐沢かおり) (2022). 
Decreasing anti-elderly discriminatory attitudes: Conducting a 'Stereotype Embodiment Theory'-based intervention. 
高齢者に対する差別的態度の軽減：ステレオタイプ・エンボディメント理論に基づいた介入の実施
European Journal of Social Psychology, 52(1), 174-190. 
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2823

Stereotype Embodiment Theory (SET) implies that people who hold negative attitudes towards the elderly are more likely to experience a decline in various cognitive/physical functions themselves. Anti-elderly discriminatory attitudes, which negatively affect the elderly’s health status, could be reduced by communicating the contents of SET to non-elderly people. To weaken anti-elderly discriminatory attitudes, in Study 1, we had participants read about SET and related empirical findings (SET intervention), which intended to increase their self-interested motives for avoiding anti-elderly discrimination. In Study 2, we conducted an ‘integrated intervention’ containing a SET intervention and one selected aspect of educational intervention (i.e., presenting some information about some commonly misunderstood aspects of the elderly). Consequently, the integrated/SET interventions reduced participants’ anti-elderly discriminatory attitudes and these effects persisted for at least 1 week. Our new interventions will be useful for those who work with the elderly.

Kameda, T. (亀田達也), Toyokawa, W., & Tindale, R.S. (2022). 
Information aggregation and collective intelligence beyond the wisdom of crowds. 
Nature Reviews Psychology.
「群衆の知恵」を超える情報統合と集合的知性
https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00054-y

In humans and other gregarious animals, collective decision-making is a robust behavioural feature of groups. Pooling individual information is also fundamental for modern societies, in which digital technologies have exponentially increased the interdependence of individual group members. In this Review, we selectively discuss the recent human and animal literature, focusing on cognitive and behavioural mechanisms that can yield collective intelligence beyond the wisdom of crowds. We distinguish between two group decision-making situations: consensus decision-making, in which a group consensus is required, and combined decision-making, in which a group consensus is not required. We show that in both group decision-making situations, cognitive and behavioural algorithms that capitalize on individual heterogeneity are the key for collective intelligence to emerge. These algorithms include accuracy or expertise-weighted aggregation of individual inputs and implicit or explicit coordination of cognition and behaviour towards division of labour. These mechanisms can be implemented either as ‘cognitive algebra’, executed mainly within the mind of an individual or by some arbitrating system, or as a dynamic behavioural aggregation through social interaction of individual group members. Finally, we discuss implications for collective decision-making in modern societies characterized by a fluid but auto-correlated flow of information and outline some future directions.

下記のリンクで読むことができます（https://rdcu.be/cL3QB）。

Ueshima, A.（上島淳史）, & Takikawa, H. (2021). 
Analyzing vaccination priority judgments for 132 occupations using word vector models. 
132職業に対するワクチン接種優先度評定の単語ベクトルを用いた解析
IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. 
https://doi.org/10.1145/3498851.3498933 

Most human societies conduct a high degree of division of labor based on occupation. However, determining the occupational field that should be allocated a scarce resource such as vaccine is a topic of debate, especially considering the COVID-19 situation. Though it is crucial that we understand and anticipate people’s judgments on resource allocation prioritization, quantifying the concept of occupation is a difficult task. In this study, we investigated how well people’s judgments on vaccination prioritization for different occupations could be modeled by quantifying their knowledge representation of occupations as word vectors in a vector space. The results showed that the model that quantified occupations as word vectors indicated high out-of-sample prediction accuracy, enabling us to explore the psychological dimension underlying the participants’ judgments. These results indicated that using word vectors for modeling human judgments about everyday concepts allowed prediction of performance and understanding of judgment mechanisms.

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2022). 
Common names decreased in Japan: Further evidence of an increase in individualism. 
日本で人気のある新生児の名前の割合は低下している：個人主義傾向の増加を示す更なる証拠
Experimental Results, 3, e5. 
https://doi.org/10.1017/exp.2021.27

Previous research has demonstrated that unique names increased in Japan, which shows a rise in uniqueness-seeking and individualism. To increase the validity of the prior findings, it is important to confirm the robustness of their results. Therefore, this study examined another indicator of historical changes in names in Japan. Specifically, I investigated whether the rates of common names decreased in Japan between 2004 and 2018. The dataset used in the previous study was analyzed. The results consistently showed that the rates of common names decreased for both boys and girls for the period. These results were consistent with the previous research, which further increases the validity of the finding that Japanese culture became more individualistic.

Hashimoto, H.（橋本博文）, Maeda, K.（前田楓）, & Matsumura, K.（松村楓） (2022). 
Fickle Judgments in Moral Dilemmas: Time Pressure and Utilitarian Judgments in an Interdependent Culture. 
道徳ジレンマにおける「移ろいやすい」判断：相互協調文化におけるタイムプレッシャーと功利主義的判断の関係 
Frontiers in Psychology, 13:795732.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.795732/full

In the trolley problem, a well-known moral dilemma, the intuitive process is believed to increase deontological judgments, while deliberative reasoning is thought to promote utilitarian decisions. Therefore, based on the dual-process model, there seems to be an attempt to save several lives at the expense of a few others in a deliberative manner. This study examines the validity of this argument. To this end, we manipulate decision-making time in the standard trolley dilemma to compare differences among 119 Japanese female undergraduates under three conditions: intuitive judgment, deliberative judgment, and judgment after a group discussion. The current results demonstrate that utilitarian judgments decreased from 52.9% in the intuition condition to 43.7% in the deliberation condition and 37.0% after the discussion. Additional analysis suggests that the decrease in utilitarian judgments may be related to psychological unwillingness to assume responsibility for the lives of others rather than to an increase in deontological judgments. Finally, these results are discussed from an adaptationist perspective.

プレスリリース：https://www.osaka-cu.ac.jp/ja/news/2021/220328

Takano, R. (高野了太), & Nomura, M. (野村理朗) (2022). 
Relationships between right-wing authoritarianism and spirituality in Japan. 
日本におけるRWAとスピリチュアリティの関係
Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. 
https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000462

Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) consists of two factors: authoritarianism—the tendency to venerate and submit to established authorities—and conventionalism—the propensity to protect traditional values. By focusing on ancestor and nature worship in Japan, this study highlighted the construct of RWA in terms of two aspects of spirituality: feelings of respect for and connectedness to higher-order entities, and feelings of universality and oneness with others. Study 1 (cross-sectional) indicated that the tendencies of ancestor worship predicted higher levels of authoritarianism, while those of nature worship predicted lower levels of conventionalism, even when controlling for general attitudes toward religious symbols. Study 2 (experimental) showed that while the recollection of spiritual experiences did not directly affect RWA, indirect routes via feelings of spirituality existed. Specifically, the recollection of an ancestor worship experience increased feelings of respect/connectedness for ancestors, which were related to higher levels of authoritarianism, and that of a nature worship experience increased feelings of universality/oneness under nature, which were associated with lower levels of conventionalism. These results provide a more nuanced understanding of RWA through demonstrating that RWA might be specifically associated with these two aspects of spirituality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Study2は、第62回日本社会心理学会にて発表いたしました。 http://iap-jp.org/jssp/conf_archive/paper_download.php?s=2021-A-0171

Shimizu, Y（清水佑輔）., Hashimoto, T.（橋本剛明）, & Karasawa, K.（唐沢かおり） (2022).  
Influence of contact experience and germ aversion on negative attitudes toward older adults: Role of youth identity.
高齢者偏見に対する接触経験と感染嫌悪の影響：若者アイデンティティに着目して 
Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 829742.  
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.829742

The world’s population is currently aging, and the issue of ageism has become serious worldwide, including in Japan. Negative attitudes toward older adults can have undesirable effects on the mental and physical health of this group. We focused on the effects of contact experience with older adults and germ aversion, or the degree of aversion to infection, on negative attitudes toward older adults. Additionally, we included a moderating variable; youth identity, or the sense of belonging with younger rather than older age groups. An online survey was conducted with Japanese participants (N = 603). We conducted multiple regression analyses and the results showed that the interaction effect between youth identity and contact experience on negative attitudes toward older adults was significant. The findings suggest that contact experience may help in reducing negative attitudes toward older adults among people with low youth identity. The interaction effect between youth identity and germ aversion, however, was not significant. Academic research on the effects of some psychological interventions (e.g., intergenerational social exchange) should pay particular attention to the role of youth identity. Future directions for empirical studies are also discussed.

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2022). 
Further explanations for difficulties in reading recent Japanese names correctly. 
近年の日本人の名前を正しく読むことの難しさに関する更なる説明
Frontiers in Education, 6, 799119. 
https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.799119

A previous study analyzed the names of babies born in Japan between 2004 and 2018 and demonstrated that common writings have many variations in readings, which makes it difficult to choose the correct reading at first glance (Ogihara, 2021c). The study provides empirical evidence of the difficulties in reading recent Japanese names correctly. The current article answers three questions on Ogihara (2021c). Specifically, I explain 1) it is still difficult to read recent Japanese names correctly even if one tries to remember the most frequent readings of names 2) specific numbers of reading variations are not important, and 3) how we should deal with these difficulties. This new information would certainly help to further comprehend the difficulties in reading recent Japanese names correctly, which contributes to a better understanding of names and naming practices not only in Japan but also across the entire Sinosphere.

Maeda, K. (前田楓), Hashimoto, H. (橋本博文), Sato, K. (佐藤剛介) (2021). 
Creating a positive perception toward inclusive education with future-oriented thinking. 
未来志向がインクルーシブ教育に対する肯定的な認識に及ぼす効果
BMC Research Notes, 14:467.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-021-05882-4

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the ways that encouraged people to develop positive attitudes and perceptions toward inclusive education. The Japanese special needs education system for students with disabilities has been shifting from a segregated model to a more inclusive form which is the major challenge facing educational systems around the world. While support for inclusive practices has grown rapidly in Japan, their implementation requires more attention. Considering these situations, in the current study, we experimentally manipulated future-oriented thinking and examined whether positive perceptions about inclusive education was enhanced if people acknowledged and realized that an inclusive society may improve the long-term welfare of not only people with disabilities but also people without disabilities or functional limitations. Results: Our results partially confirmed that future-oriented thinking encouraged positive perceptions of inclusive education. It increased only when participants thought about the future employment of people with/without disabilities. No significant effects were found for the present orientation or control conditions.

Van Bavel, J.J., Cichocka, A., Capraro, V. et al. (2022).
National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic. 
世界的パンデミック時の公衆衛生行動や政策支持とナショナル・アイデンティティの関連
Nature Communicaions, 13, 517.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27668-9

Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = −0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics.

調査票日本語版の作成および日本データの収集を，堀内勇作・Charles Crabtree（ダートマス大学）・三浦麻子（大阪大学）・大坪庸介（東京大学）・山田祐樹（九州大学）が担当しました．