国際誌論文データベース

Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基), Kanemasa, Y. (金政祐司), & Taniguchi, J. (谷口淳一). (2023). 
A compassionate and worthy self: latent profiles of self-compassion and self-esteem in relation to intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning.
思いやりと価値のある自分：セルフコンパッションと自尊心の潜在プロファイル分析
Current Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05428-w

Three studies (total n = 3576) employed latent profile analyses to identify how self-compassion and self-esteem are configured within individuals. Furthermore, these studies examined profile differences in intra-and interpersonal functioning. Self-compassion and self-esteem were assessed across the studies. In Study 1, participants recalled negative events and responded the scales of state self-compassion and self-improvement. In Study 2, participants completed a measure of basic psychological need satisfaction. In Study 3, participants completed the scales of social isolation and the quality of romantic relationships. Across the three studies, latent profile analyses indicated that individuals were classified into one of three latent profiles: Low Compassionate and Worthy Style (low self-compassion and self-esteem), Moderate Compassionate and Worthy Style (moderate self-compassion and self-esteem), or High Compassionate and Worthy Style (high self-compassion and self-esteem). These analyses did not reveal the groups of individuals who displayed high self-compassion and low self-esteem simultaneously, or vice versa. Furthermore, individuals with High Compassionate and Worthy Style reported higher levels of self-compassionate reactions toward distressing events, self-improvement orientation (Study 1), satisfaction with basic psychological needs (Study 2), and relationship satisfaction (Study 3). They also indicated lower levels of feeling lonely and ostracized, and fewer frequencies of psychological intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization (Study 3). Overall, these results suggest that self-compassion and self-esteem operate unitedly rather than separately within individuals to support positive intra-and interpersonal functioning. Thus, given the interactive network of self-compassion and self-esteem, interventions to boost self-compassion might also promote self-esteem.

3つの研究により、セルフコンパッションと自尊心の関連性について、潜在プロファイル分析を用いて検討しました。(1)得られたプロファイルより個人内でセルフコンパッションと自尊心が連動して作用していること(両概念が高い群、中程度の群、低い群)、(2)両概念が高い群ほど、困難な出来事時に自己改善しやすいこと(研究1)、心理的ニーズが充足されていること(研究2)、ならびに対人関係の質が良いこと(研究3)が示されました。

Shimizu, Y.(清水佑輔), Suzuki, M., Hata, Y., & Sakaki, T. (2023).
Older adults are healthier than many people expect: Reducing anti-old attitudes. 
多くの人々が思うより高齢者は健康である：反高齢者的態度の軽減
Educational Gerontology, 49(12), 1116-1127. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2023.2214764

There are widespread anti-old attitudes held by younger people. Older adults are generally perceived as closely associated with illnesses. Thus, younger people with a higher degree of germ aversion (i.e. aversion to disease transmission) are thought to view the older population more negatively. In Study 1, we conducted an online survey (N = 981) and found that, even after controlling for the related variables such as fear of death, those with higher germ aversion had more anti-old attitudes. In Study 2, we conducted an online experiment (N = 689). Participants in the experimental group read an explanatory text which showed that older adults in general are healthier than people perceive and those in the control group read an irrelevant explanatory text. Results showed that anti-old attitudes were weaker in the experimental group than in the control group; this effect lasted at least one week. In Study 3, we conducted an online experiment similar to Study 2 (N = 997). In the experimental group, anti-old attitudes toward both the young-old (aged 65–74 years) and old-old (aged 75 years and over) were reduced. Further, advocates for policies to support older adults increased in the experimental group. The experimental manipulation in this study has the advantage that it can be conducted with a large number of participants in a simple procedure. Our findings would be useful in gerontological research aimed at improving anti-old attitudes and creating a society, in which older adults can live comfortably.

Takebe, M. (竹部成崇), Tsumura, K. (津村健太), & Nakashima, K. (中島健一郎) (2023).
Resource scarcity priming and face perception: A preregistered conceptual replication of Study 1 of Rodeheffer et al.(2012) in Japan.
資源不足プライミングと顔知覚－日本におけるRodeheffer et al. (2012)のStudy1の事前登録済概念的追試－
Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100169

Rodeheffer et al. (2012) showed that when people perceive resource scarcity, they are more likely to judge racially ambiguous people as out-group members. In their first experiment, 71 White participants viewed a slideshow depicting either resource scarcity or abundance; subsequently, they judged 20 biracial faces created by averaging a White and a Black face. We conducted this experiment’s preregistered conceptual replication study in Japan. Specifically, after observing a slideshow depicting either resource scarcity or abundance, East Asian participants judged 20 biracial faces produced by averaging an East and a South Asian face. The statistical power to detect a small effect (d = 0.2) was 0.79 (N = 769). Although the pattern was the same as Rodeheffer et al.’s (2012) research, the priming effect was insignificant (d = 0.1). The reasons for this null result as well as future research directions are discussed.

Rodeheffer et al. (2012)は、人は資源不足を知覚すると、人種的に曖昧な人を外集団成員であると判断しやすくなることを示した。彼らは研究1で、71名の白人参加者に資源不足あるいは資源充足を描写するスライドショーを見せた。その後、1人の白人と1人の黒人の顔を平均化することで作成したバイレイシャルな顔を、合計20個、1つずつ呈示し、それぞれについて、白人と黒人のどちらとみなす方がより的確か判断させた。我々は事前登録をした上で、この実験の概念的追試研究を日本で行った。具体的には、東アジア人参加者に資源不足あるいは資源充足を描写するスライドショーを見せ、その後、1人の東アジア人と1人の南アジア人の顔を平均化することで作成した20のバイレイシャルな顔を判断してもらった。サンプルサイズは769であり、d=0.2の効果を検出する検定力は0.79であった。結果のパターンは元研究と同じであったが、プライミング効果は非有意であった（d=0.1）。非有意となった理由、そして今後の研究の方向性について議論された。

Shimizu, Y.(清水佑輔), Takahashi, T., Sato, K., Ogawa, S., Cho, D., Takahashi, Y., Yamashiro, D., Li, Y., Hinakura, K., Iizuka, A., Furuya, T., & Suzuki, H. (2023).
Perceptions of older adults and generativity among older citizens in Japan: A descriptive cross-sectional study.
日本人高齢者における高齢者イメージと世代継承性に関する横断調査
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 14(5), 427-432.
https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0063

Objectives: As the population ages worldwide, including in Japan, there is a growing expectation for older adults to remain active participants in society. The act of sharing one’s experiences and knowledge with younger generations through social engagement not only enriches the lives of older individuals, but also holds significant value for our society. In this study, we examined both positive and negative perceptions of older adults and investigated the correlation between these perceptions and generativity among older citizens. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of life satisfaction on these factors. Methods: We conducted a survey of 100 older adults in Japan (mean age, 71.68 years) and utilized multiple regression analyses, using positive and negative perceptions of older adults, life satisfaction, and demographic factors as independent variables. The sub-categories of generativity—namely, generative action, concern, and accomplishment—were used as dependent variables. Results: Participants who held a more positive perception of older adults demonstrated a higher level of generative actions and concerns. Additionally, participants who reported higher levels of life satisfaction also exhibited more generative actions, concerns, and accomplishments. Conversely, those who held a more negative perception of older adults were found to have higher levels of generative actions. Conclusion: Enhancing positive perceptions of older adults among them can boost the sub-categories of generativity. This study, which was conducted from an exploratory perspective, has several limitations, including a potential sampling bias. A more comprehensive examination of the relationship between perceptions of older adults and generativity is anticipated in future research.

Yang, F. (楊帆), & Oshio, A (小塩真司). (2023).
A secure mind is a clear mind: The relationship between attachment security, mindfulness, and self-concept clarity. 
安定した心は明確な心: 愛着安定性、マインドフルネスと自己概念の明確性との関連
Current Psychology. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05250-4

Attachment is associated with self-concept clarity. However, few studies have provided insights into its underlying mechanism. The way people treat their own experiences is vital in forming self-concept clarity. Mindfulness, a nonjudgmental way to notice moment-to-moment experiences, is a key feature of attachment security. Thus, we conducted two studies to explore the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between attachment security and self-concept clarity. Study 1 involved a cross-sectional online survey of 234 participants. In Study 1, an indirect effect emerged between attachment anxiety and self-concept clarity through describing, nonjudging, and acting with awareness. In Study 2, we recruited 195 participants online and randomly assigned them to either the attachment security priming or attachment anxiety priming condition. Participants assigned to the attachment security priming (vs. attachment anxiety priming) condition scored higher on self-concept clarity, acting with awareness, and present-moment awareness. The Bayesian t-test yielded strong evidence for between-group (attachment security vs. anxiety priming conditions) differences in attachment anxiety, moderate evidence for self-concept clarity, and strong evidence for acting with awareness. The results of the Bayesian t-test also suggested there was no evidence for between-group differences in attachment avoidance, anecdotal evidence for present-moment attention, and no evidence for nonjudging. Moreover, acting with awareness mediated the link between priming conditions and self-concept clarity. These findings suggest that anxiously attached people may lack awareness of their own behaviors, leading to lower self-concept clarity.

横断的調査による研究1と、プライミング法ならびにベイズ因子分析による研究2から構成された、愛着不安と自己概念明確性のネガティブな関連をマインドフルネス（特に、意識づけ行動）が媒介することを示した研究です。

Jackson, J. C., Halberstadt, J., Takezawa, M.(竹澤正哲), Liew, K., Smith, K., Apicella, C., & Gray, K. (2023).
Generalized morality culturally evolves as an adaptive heuristic in large social networks.
汎化された道徳観は大きな社会的ネットワークにおける適応的ヒューリスティクスとして文化進化する
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000358

Why do people assume that a generous person should also be honest? Why do we even use words like “moral” and “immoral”? We explore these questions with a new model of how people perceive moral character. We propose that people vary in the extent to which they perceive moral character as “localized” (varying along many contextually embedded dimensions) versus “generalized” (varying along a single dimension from morally bad to morally good). This variation might be partly the product of cultural evolutionary adaptations to different kinds of social networks. As networks grow larger, perceptions of generalized morality are increasingly valuable for predicting cooperation during partner selection, especially in novel contexts. Our studies show that social network size correlates with perceptions of generalized morality in United States and international samples (Study 1) and that East African hunter–gatherers with greater exposure outside their local region perceive morality as more generalized compared to those who have remained in their local region (Study 2). We support the adaptive value of generalized morality in large and unfamiliar social networks with an agent-based model (Study 3), and in experiments where we manipulate partner unfamiliarity (Study 4). Our final study shows that perceptions of morality have become more generalized over the last 200 years of English-language history, which suggests that it may be coevolving with rising social complexity and anonymity in the English-speaking world (Study 5). We discuss the implications of this theory for the cultural evolution of political systems, religion, and taxonomical theories of morality.

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二) (2023). 
Chinese culture became more individualistic: Evidence from family structure, 1953-2017. 
中国文化は個人主義化している：家族構造を対象とした検証（1953-2017）
F1000Research, 12, 10. 
https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.128448.3

Previous research has indicated that some aspects of Chinese culture became more individualistic. However, prior studies have suggested a decrease in individualism in other aspects of China. Thus, it was unclear whether China became more individualistic. Therefore, the current research investigated whether Chinese culture became more individualistic by examining historical changes in family structure. Specifically, I analyzed temporal shifts in the divorce rate and household size, which have been confirmed as valid representative indicators of individualism. Results showed that the divorce rate increased between 1978 and 2017 and household size decreased between 1953 and 2017, indicating a rise in individualism. Moreover, analyses suggested that the one-child policy was unlikely the sole and major factor in the decrease in household size. Additionally, the aggregated score of divorce rate and household size demonstrated a clear increase in individualism. Therefore, the present research provided further evidence of the rise in individualism in China.

https://twitter.com/Yu_Ogihara/status/1701126228508647928

Miyagawa, Y. (宮川裕基) (2023). 
Self-compassion promotes self-concept clarity and self-change in response to negative events.
困難時にセルフコンパッションを高めることで自己概念の明確性と自己変容が促される
Journal of Personality. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12885

Objective: Negative events tend to reduce self-concept clarity, which could hinder self-change. Three studies (total n = 1603) including two preregistered tested whether inducing self-compassion in response to negative events promotes self-concept clarity and self-change. Methods: Participants engaged in either a self-compassionate or a control writing task regarding negative events. They responded to the scales of self-concept clarity and self-change before and after the manipulation. Self-change was assessed using two indicators: self-improvement regarding the negative aspects of the self (i.e., negativity transformation, Studies 1–3) and openness to self-change (Studies 2 and 3). In Study 3, self-esteem and affect were assessed to test alternative processes. Results: Across the studies, participants induced to be self-compassionate reported higher levels of self-concept clarity, negativity transformation (except in Study 1), and openness to self-change. Studies 2 and 3 found that self-concept clarity mediated the effect of self- compassion on openness to self-change. Study 3 indicated that this indirect effect remained significant, while the indirect effect of self-compassion on negativity transformation was nonsignificant when self-esteem and affect were considered. Conclusions: Overall, boosting self-compassion in response to negative events could help people retain self-concept clarity and, thus, be open to self-change. Self-compassion could also orient people to engage in negativity transformation.

Kuroda, K. (黒田起吏), Takahashi, M.(髙橋茉優), & Kameda, T.(亀田達也) (2023).
Majority rule can help solve difficult tasks even when confident members opt out to serve individual interests.
自信のあるメンバーが自己利益を求めていなくなっても、多数決は困難な課題の解決に役立つ
Sci Rep, 13(14836).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42080-7

When sharing a common goal, confident and competent members are often motivated to contribute to the group, boosting its decision performance. However, it is unclear whether this process remains effective when members can opt in or out of group decisions and prioritize individual interests. Our laboratory experiment (n = 63) and cognitive modeling showed that at the individual level, confidence, competence, and a preference for risk motivated participants’ opt-out decisions. We then analyzed the group-level accuracy of majority decisions by creating many virtual groups of 25 members resampled from the 63 participants in the experiment. Whereas the majority decisions by voters who preferred to participate in group decision making were inferior to individual decisions by loners who opted out in an easy task, this was reversed in a difficult task. Bootstrap-simulation analyses decomposed these outcomes into the effects of a decrease in group size and a decrease in voters’ accuracy accruing from the opt-in/out mechanism, demonstrating how these effects interacted with task difficulty. Our results suggest that the majority rule still works to tackle challenging problems even when individual interests are emphasized over collective performance, playing a functional as well as a democratic role in consensus decision making under uncertainty.

Kuroda, K. (黒田起吏), Ogura, Y., Ogawa, A., Tamei, T., Ikeda, K., & Kameda, T (亀田達也). (2022). 
Behavioral and neuro-cognitive bases for emergence of norms and socially shared realities via dynamic interaction.
動的な相互作用を通じた規範と社会的な共有現実の創発を支える行動・神経認知的基盤
Communications Biology, 5(1), 1379.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-04329-1

In the digital era, new socially shared realities and norms emerge rapidly, whether they are beneficial or harmful to our societies. Although these are emerging properties from dynamic interaction, most research has centered on static situations where isolated individuals face extant norms. We investigated how perceptual norms emerge endogenously as shared realities through interaction, using behavioral and fMRI experiments coupled with computational modeling. Social interactions fostered convergence of perceptual responses among people, not only overtly but also at the covert psychophysical level that generates overt responses. Reciprocity played a critical role in increasing the stability (reliability) of the psychophysical function within each individual, modulated by neural activity in the mentalizing network during interaction. These results imply that bilateral influence promotes mutual cognitive anchoring of individual views, producing shared generative models at the collective level that enable endogenous agreement on totally new targets–one of the key functions of social norms.