国際誌論文データベース

Morimoto, Y. (森本裕子), Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., et al. (2018).
Purpose in life and tobacco use among community-dwelling mothers of early adolescents 
地域在住の思春期早期児童母親において、人生の意義を感じる程度はタバコ（不）使用と関連する 
BMJ Open 2018;8:e020586. 
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020586 

Objectives: The rising prevalence of tobacco use and tobacco-attributable deaths among women is of worldwide concern. In particular, smoking prevention for mothers in early midlife is a significant international public health goal. A higher sense of purpose in life (PIL) is thought to reduce detrimental health behaviours. However, little is known about the association between a sense of PIL and tobacco use. This study investigates this association among community-dwelling mothers of early adolescents. Design: This population-based cross-sectional study uses a self-reported questionnaire from the Tokyo Early Adolescence Survey, a large community-based survey conducted in Japan between 2012 and 2015. Setting Participants were randomly recruited from the resident registries of three municipalities in Tokyo, Japan. Participants: A total of 4478 children and their primary parents participated. Responses from 4063 mothers with no missing data were analysed (mean age=42.0 years (SD=4.2)). Measures: Participants’ tobacco use, including the number of cigarettes smoked per day, was documented using a questionnaire. PIL was assessed using a Purpose in Life scale derived from Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale. Results: Greater PIL was associated with a decreased likelihood of tobacco use, even when adjusted for confounders (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.91). Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that PIL was inversely associated with tobacco consumption among mothers. These associations remained after controlling for psychological distress, socioeconomic factors and frequency of alcohol consumption among moderate to heavy smokers (OR=0.70, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.86), while attenuated among light smokers. Conclusions: Increasing PIL may be a valuable intervention for reducing tobacco use among women in early midlife. This study can contribute to our understanding of the psychology of smoking behaviour and shed light on the targeted intervention to reduce tobacco use among early midlife mothers. 人生に意義を感じる程度（Purpose in life）は、様々な健康指標や健康行動との関連が指摘されています。本研究では、10歳児の母親である中年女性（平均42歳）を対象に、人生に意義を感じる程度と喫煙行動の関連を検討しました。その結果、SESや飲酒、心理的ストレス状態を調整しても、人生に意義を感じる程度が高いほど喫煙が少ないことを明らかにしました。また、先行研究で指摘されていた、心理的ストレス状態が喫煙を促進する効果は、人生に意義を感じる程度を調整すると有意ではありませんでした。

Nozaki, Y. (野崎優樹) (2018). 
Cross-cultural comparison of the association between trait emotional intelligence and emotion regulation in European-American and Japanese populations. 
ヨーロッパ系アメリカ人と日本人を対象とした特性情動知能と情動調整の関連の文化比較 
Personality and Individual Differences, 130, 150-155. 
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.013 

Although a large body of evidence supports trait emotional intelligence as a positive indicator of well-being, the processes that underlie trait emotional intelligence remain unclear. Emotion regulation is considered a core component of trait emotional intelligence. Given that the consequences of emotion regulation strategies differ between European-American and Eastern Asian populations, culture could moderate the association between these strategies and trait emotional intelligence. Two studies examined whether culture moderated the link between trait emotional intelligence and emotion regulation strategies in European-American and East Asian Japanese populations. The results revealed important cultural similarities and differences in the association between trait emotional intelligence and emotion regulation. Regarding cultural similarities, trait emotional intelligence was positively associated with reappraisal in both groups. With respect to cultural differences, trait emotional intelligence was negatively associated with suppression in European-American, but not Japanese, individuals. These findings are consistent with the notion that emotionally intelligent people are more likely to use adaptive strategies and less likely to use maladaptive strategies to regulate their emotion within their own cultural frameworks. Moreover, the current research provided novel insight into the moderating effect of culture on the emotion regulation process underlying the trait emotional intelligence construct.

Uchida, S., Yamamoto, H. (山本仁志), Okada, I., & Sasaki, T. (2018).
A Theoretical Approach to Norm Ecosystems : Two Adaptive Architectures of Indirect Reciprocity Show Different Paths to the Evolution of Cooperation.
規範エコシステムへの理論的アプローチ: 二つの適応的アーキテクチャが示す異なる協力の進化への道筋
Frontiers in Physics, 6(February), 14. 
doi: 10.3389/fphy.2018.00014

Indirect reciprocity is one of the basic mechanisms to sustain mutual cooperation, by which beneficial acts are returned, not by the recipient, but by third parties. This mechanism relies on the ability of individuals to know the past actions of others, and to assess those actions. There are many different systems of assessing others, which can be interpreted as rudimentary social norms (i.e., views on what is “good” or “bad”). In this paper, impacts of different adaptive architectures, i.e.,ways for individuals to adapt to environments, on indirect reciprocity are investigated.We examine two representative architectures: one based on replicator dynamics and the other on genetic algorithm. Different from the replicator dynamics, the genetic algorithm requires describing the mixture of all possible norms in the norm space under consideration. Therefore, we also propose an analytic method to study norm ecosystems in which all possible second order social norms potentially exist and compete. The analysis reveals that the different adaptive architectures show different paths to the evolution of cooperation. Especially we find that so called Stern-Judging, one of the best studied norms in the literature, exhibits distinct behaviors in both architectures.On one hand, in the replicator dynamics, Stern-Judging remains alive and gets a majority steadily when the population reaches a cooperative state. On the other hand, in the genetic algorithm, it gets a majority only temporarily and becomes extinct in the end. プレスリリースはこちらから

Kambara, A.（神原歩）（2017）
 Effects of experiencing visual illusion and Susceptibility to biases in one's social judgment
 錯視を経験すると、自分の社会的判断や推論の歪みに自覚が高まるか？
 Perceptual and Motor Skills, SAGE Open
 DOI: 10.1177/2158244017745937

Despite the evidence for existing biases in social judgment, people often fail to recognize biases in their own social judgments. This study investigated whether people become aware of their own susceptibility to various biases by experiencing visual illusions that challenge confidence in personal perceptions. A total of 88 participants were grouped by whether or not they gazed at illusory motion graphics and by whether they rated themselves or others on bias susceptibility. Participants who gazed at visual illusions rated themselves as having more biases in their social judgments than participants who did not see visual illusions. These findings suggest that bias denial may partially result from insufficient opportunities to recognize inaccuracies in personal perceptions.  

Matsunaga, M., Kawamichi, H., Umemura, T., Hori, R., Shibata, E., Kobayashi, F., Suzuki, K., Ishii, K. (石井敬子), Ohtsubo, Y. (大坪庸介), Noguchi, Y., Ochi, M. (越智美早), Yamasue, H., & Ohira, H. (大平英樹) (2017). 
Neural and genetic correlates of susceptibility to others' happiness. 
他者の幸せに対する影響の受けやすさの神経的および遺伝的要因
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 718.
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00718

Happiness is regarded as one of the most fundamental human goals. Given recent reports that positive feelings are contagious (e.g., the presence of a happy person enhances others’ happiness) because of the human ability to empathize (i.e., sharing emotions), empathic ability may be a key factor in increasing one’s own subjective level of happiness. Based on previous studies indicating that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the serotonin 2A receptor gene [HTR2A rs6311 guanine (G) vs. adenine (A)] is associated with sensitivity to emotional stimuli and several mental disorders such as depression, we predicted that the polymorphism might be associated with the effect of sharing happiness. To elucidate the neural and genetic correlates of the effect of sharing happiness, we first performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a “happy feelings” evocation task (emotional event imagination task), during which we manipulated the valence of the imagined event (positive, neutral, or negative), as well as the presence of a friend experiencing a positive-valence event (presence or absence). We recruited young adult women for this fMRI study because empathic ability may be higher in women than in men. Participants felt happier (p < 0.01) and the mentalizing/theory-of-mind network, which spans the medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, temporal poles, and precuneus, was significantly more active (p < 0.05) in the presence condition than in the absence condition regardless of event valence. Moreover, participants with the GG (p < 0.01) and AG (p < 0.05) genotypes of HTR2A experienced happier feelings as well as greater activation of a part of the mentalizing/theory-of-mind network (p < 0.05) during empathy for happiness (neutral/presence condition) than those with the AA genotype. In a follow-up study with a vignette-based questionnaire conducted in a relatively large sample, male and female participants were presented with the same imagined events wherein their valence and the presence of a friend were manipulated. Results showed genetic differences in happiness-related empathy regardless of sex (p < 0.05). Findings suggest that HTR2A polymorphisms are associated with the effect of sharing happiness by modulating the activity of the mentalizing/theory-of-mind network.

Miyajima, T. (宮島健)*, & Meng, X.* (2017). 
Experiencing physical warmth affects implicit attitudes and altruistic behavior toward outgroup in females. 
物理的温かさの経験は，女性において，外集団に対する潜在的態度と利他行動に影響する
BMC research notes. 10:648 (*equal contribution)
doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-2972-3

  [Objective] Experiencing physical warmth has been demonstrated to influence interpersonal warmth. However, the effects of this metaphorical link in an intergroup context is not clear. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of physical warmth on implicit attitudes and behavior toward outgroup members in a Japanese–Chinese intergroup context. After touching either a warm or cold cup for 3 min, the Japanese participants were required to complete the single-target implicit association test, which aimed to measure their implicit attitudes toward imagined Chinese people, and to express their willingness to participate in the experiments of a Chinese individual whom they interacted directly without compensation, aiming to measure their prosocial behavior toward a real outgroup member. [Results] The results demonstrated that female participants who touched the warm (vs. cold) cup showed more positive attitudes and helping behavior toward the Chinese individual. Furthermore, the correlation between those attitudes and helping behaviors supports the effects of enhanced implicit attitudes and further suggests that experiencing physical warmth could increase prosocial response to outgroup members in real interactions. However, the male participants showed a reversed, but not statistically significant, effect of physical warmth on the implicit attitude.

Ishii, T. (石井辰典) (2017).
Mentalizing, but Not Autistic Traits, Predicts Religious Belief in a Sample of Healthy Japanese Youth.
メンタライジング能力が宗教的信念を予測する：健康な日本人青年を対象とした検討
Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 8(2), 32-35.
doi: 10.5178/lebs.2017.61.

The present research examined the hypothesis that religious belief is derived from humans’ mentalizing ability in the context of East Asia where polytheistic religion is the mainstream. Two studies were conducted with a Japanese healthy sample, and both revealed that contrary to the hypothesis, autistic traits did not predict religious belief, whereas mentalizing predicted increased religious belief as expected. These findings suggest that further empirical and theoretical investigations on the origin of religious belief are needed.  

Yamagishi, T.(山岸俊男), Li, Y.(李楊), Fermin, A.S.R, Kanai, R., Takagishi, H.(高岸治人), Matsumoto, Y.(松本良恵), Kiyonari, T. (清成透子) & Sakagami, M.(2017)
Behavioural Differences and Neural Substrates of Altruistic and Spiteful Punishment
利他的と攻撃的な罰の行動的差異と神経基盤
Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 14654 (2017)
doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15188-w

  Altruistic punishment following social norm violations promotes human cooperation. However, experimental evidence indicates that some forms of punishment are spiteful rather than altruistic. Using two types of punishment games and seven non-strategic games, we identified strong behavioural differences between altruistic and spiteful punishers. Altruistic punishers who rejected unfair offers in the ultimatum game and punished norm violators in the third-party punishment game behaved pro-socially in various non-strategic games. Spiteful punishers who rejected unfair offers in the ultimatum game but did not punish norm violators in the third-party punishment game behaved selfishly in non-strategic games. In addition, the left caudate nucleus was larger in spiteful punishers than in altruistic punishers. These findings are in contrast to the previous assumption that altruistic punishers derive pleasure from enforcement of fairness norms, and suggest that spiteful punishers derive pleasure from seeing the target experience negative consequences. プレスリリース：世界初！”利他的な罰行使者”と”攻撃的な罰行使者”の存在を明らかにし、両者で脳の形態的特徴に違いを発見－英国の科学雑誌に論文を発表－

Jayles, B., Kim, H. (金ヘリン), Escobedo, R., Cezerad, S., Blanchet, A., Kameda, T. (亀田達也), Sire, C., & Theraulaz, G. (2017).
How social information can improve estimation accuracy in human groups.
社会情報は人間集団における推定の精度をどのように向上させ得るか
Proceesings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Early Edition (Nov. 8, 2017).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1703696114

In our digital and connected societies, the development of social networks, online shopping, and reputation systems raises the questions of how individuals use social information and how it affects their decisions. We report experiments performed in France and Japan, in which subjects could update their estimates after having received information from other subjects. We measure and model the impact of this social information at individual and collective scales. We observe and justify that, when individuals have little prior knowledge about a quantity, the distribution of the logarithm of their estimates is close to a Cauchy distribution. We find that social influence helps the group improve its properly defined collective accuracy. We quantify the improvement of the group estimation when additional controlled and reliable information is provided, unbeknownst to the subjects. We show that subjects’ sensitivity to social influence permits us to define five robust behavioral traits and increases with the difference between personal and group estimates. We then use our data to build and calibrate a model of collective estimation to analyze the impact on the group performance of the quantity and quality of information received by individuals. The model quantitatively reproduces the distributions of estimates and the improvement of collective performance and accuracy observed in our experiments. Finally, our model predicts that providing a moderate amount of incorrect information to individuals can counterbalance the human cognitive bias to systematically underestimate quantities and thereby improve collective performance. 論文紹介記事（英文）：Modeling Social Interactions to Improve Collective Decision-making

Ozono, H.（大薗博記）, Kamijo, Y., & Shimizu, K. (2017).
Punishing second-order free riders before first-order free riders: The effect of pool punishment priority on cooperation
1次のフリーライダーより先に2次のフリーライダーを罰するべし：プール罰の優先順位が協力に及ぼす効果
Scientific Reports, 7, 14379.
doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13918-8

Second-order free riders, who do not owe punishment cost to first-order free riders in public goods games, lead to low cooperation. Previous studies suggest that for stable cooperation, it is critical to have a pool punishment system with second-order punishment, which gathers resources from group members and punishes second-order free riders as well as first-order free riders. In this study, we focus on the priority of punishment. We hypothesize that the pool punishment system that prioritizes second-order punishment is more likely to achieve cooperation than the system that prioritizes first-order punishment, because the former is more likely to obtain sufficient punishment resources. In the experiments, we compare four pool punishment systems: 1To2 (first-order punishment to second-order punishment), 2To1 (second-order punishment to first-order punishment), 1ONLY (first-order punishment only), and 2ONLY (second-order punishment only). We find that the 2To1 and 2ONLY systems can receive more support than the 1To2 and 1ONLY systems and only the 2To1 system can achieve high cooperation. However, the effect of priority of second-order punishment is observed only when the punishment ratio (PR) is low (Experiment 1), not high (Experiment 2), in which the punishment resource is relatively abundant.