国際誌論文データベース

Tsuboya, T., Aida, J., Hikichi, H.（引地博之）, Subramanian, SV., Kondo, K., Osaka, K., & Kawachi, I. (2016).
Predictors of depressive symptoms following the Great East Japan earthquake: A prospective study.
東日本大震災後のうつ症状発症の予測要因：震災前のデータを活用した前向き研究の結果から
Social Science & Medicine.
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.05.026

We sought to investigate prospectively the association between exposure to disaster (the 2011 East Japan Earthquake) and change in depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adult survivors. We used two waves of data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES), an ongoing population-based, prospective cohort study in Japan. A unique feature of our study was the availability of information about mental health status pre-dating the disaster. Our sample comprised community-dwelling survivors aged 65 and older, who responded to surveys in 2010 (i.e. one year before the disaster) and in 2013 (n = 3464). We categorized disaster exposure according to three types of experiences: loss of family/friends, property damage, and disruption in access to medical service. Our main outcome was change in depressive symptoms, measured by the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS). Among the participants, 917 (26.5%) reported losing a family member to the disaster, while a further 537 (15.5%) reported losing a friend. More than half of the participants reported some damage to their homes. After adjusting for demographics and baseline mental health, people whose homes were completely destroyed had significantly elevated depressive symptom scores three years later (+1.22 points, 95%CI: 0.80, 1.64, p < 0.0001). Disruption of psychiatric care was also associated with change in GDS scores (+2.51 points, 95%CI: 1.28, 3.74, p < 0.0001). By contrast, loss of family/friends was no longer associated with GDS after 3 years; +0.18 points (95%CI: −0.018, 0.37, p = 0.08) for loss of family, and −0.045 points (95%CI: −0.28, 0.19, p = 0.71) for loss of friends. Three years after the disaster, survivors of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami appeared to have recovered from loss of loved ones. By contrast, property loss and disruption of psychiatry care were associated with persistent adverse impact on mental health.

Schug, J.（シューグ・ジョアンナ）,  Takagishi, H.（高岸治人）,  Benech, C., & Okada, H. (2016).
The development of theory of mind and positive and negative reciprocity in preschool children.
未就学児における互恵性と心の理論の発達
Frontiers in Psychology.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00888

This study examined the relation between the acquisition of false-beliefs theory of mind and reciprocity in preschoolers. Preschool-aged children completed a task assessing the understanding of false beliefs, and played an Ultimatum Game (UG) with another child in a face-to-face setting. Negative reciprocity was assessed by examining the rejection of unfair offers made by another child in the UG, while positive reciprocity by examining allocations made by participants in a Dictator Game (DG) following the UG. The results indicated that children who had passed a task assessing first-order false beliefs were more likely to make generous offers in a DG following a fair offer made by their partner in a proceeding UG, but that the false beliefs theory of mind was unrelated to the rejection of unfair offers in the UG.

Ueda, R., Ashida, H., Yanagisawa, K.（柳澤邦昭）, & Abe, N. (2016).
The neural basis of individual differences in mate poaching.
略奪愛の個人差に関わる神経基盤
Social Neuroscience.
doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1182065

This study tested the hypothesis that individual differences in the activity of the orbitofrontal cortex, a region implicated in value-based decision-making, are associated with the preference for a person with a partner, which could lead to mate poaching. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), male participants were presented with facial photographs of (a) attractive females with a partner, (b) attractive females without a partner, (c) unattractive females with a partner, and (d) unattractive females without a partner. The participants were asked to rate the degree to which they desired a romantic relationship with each female using an 8-point scale. The participants rated attractive females higher than unattractive females, and this effect was associated with ventral striatum activation. The participants also indicated lower ratings for females with a partner than for females without a partner, and this effect was associated with parietal cortex activation. As predicted, the participants characterized by higher orbitofrontal activity demonstrated a greater willingness to engage in a romantic relationship with females who have a partner compared with females who do not have a partner. These results are the first to provide a possible neural explanation for why certain individuals are willing to engage in mate poaching.

Mifune, N.（三船恒裕）, Hizen, Y., Kamijo, Y., & Okano, Y. (2016).
Preemptive Striking in Individual and Group Conflict.
集団対集団だと個人間よりも攻撃的になるかと思ったけど、そうじゃなかったぜ！
PLOS ONE.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154859

In this study, we conducted a laboratory experiment to assess preemptive striking by and towards individuals or groups. In the framework of a preemptive strike game, we set the following four conditions: one person faced another person, one person faced a three-person group, a three-person group faced an individual, and a three-person group faced another three-person group. Previous studies have revealed that greed is activated when participants belong to a group, while fear is activated when participants interact with a group, and further, that attacking behaviors in the preemptive strike game are driven by fear. These observations led to a hypothesis that high attack rates would be realized when participants interact with a group, regardless of whether the participants make decisions as individuals or a group. The results of our experiment, however, rejected this hypothesis. Among the four conditions, the attack rate was highest when a three-person group faced an individual. As possible reasons for our observation, we discuss the potential threat stemming from the imbalance in the effectiveness of attack between individuals and groups, and the (incorrect) belief by groups that single individuals would be more likely to attack out of fear.

Ishii, K.（石井敬子）, Rule, N. O., & Toriyama, R.（鳥山理恵） (2016).
Context Sensitivity in Canadian and Japanese Children’s Judgments of Emotion.
Current Psychology, 1-8.
doi: 10.1007/s12144-016-9446-y

Previous studies showed that East Asians are more sensitive than North Americans to contextual information, and that the cultural differences in context sensitivity emerge in preschool children. Yet, little is known about whether this generalizes to children’s emotional judgments. The present study tested Canadian and Japanese preschool children and examined cross-culturally the extent to which facial expressions of surrounding people influence judgments of a target person’s emotion. Japanese children were more likely than Canadian children to judge an emotionally-neutral target as more negative (positive) when the background emotion was negative (positive), demonstrating an assimilation effect. Canadian children, however, showed a contrast effect: judging the target person’s neutral emotion as more negative when the background emotion was positive. These data extend extant understanding of emotion recognition by illuminating nuances in perceptual processes across developmental and cultural lines.

Yamagishi, T. （山岸俊男）, Takagishi, H.（高岸治人）, Fermin, A. S. R., Kanai, R., Li, Y.（李楊）, & Matsumoto, Y.（松本良恵） (2016).
Cortical thickness of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predicts strategic choices in economic games.
背外側前頭前野の皮質厚が経済ゲームにおける戦略選択を予測する
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(20) 5582-5587.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1523940113

Human prosociality has been traditionally explained in the social sciences in terms of internalized social norms. Recent neuroscientific studies extended this traditional view of human prosociality by providing evidence that prosocial choices in economic games require cognitive control of the impulsive pursuit of self-interest. However, this view is challenged by an intuitive prosociality view emphasizing the spontaneous and heuristic basis of prosocial choices in economic games. We assessed the brain structure of 411 players of an ultimatum game (UG) and a dictator game (DG) and measured the strategic reasoning ability of 386. According to the reflective norm-enforcement view of prosociality, only those capable of strategically controlling their selfish impulses give a fair share in the UG, but cognitive control capability should not affect behavior in the DG. Conversely, we support the intuitive prosociality view by showing for the first time, to our knowledge, that strategic reasoning and cortical thickness of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were not related to giving in the UG but were negatively related to giving in the DG. This implies that the uncontrolled choice in the DG is prosocial rather than selfish, and those who have a thicker dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and are capable of strategic reasoning (goal-directed use of the theory of mind) control this intuitive drive for prosociality as a means to maximize reward when there are no future implications of choices.

G. Mazzoleni, K. G. Barnhurst, K. Ikeda(池田謙一), R. C. Maia, H. Wessler (Eds). (2015).
The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication.
政治コミュニケーション国際百科事典
Wiley-Blackwell.
Print + eReference ISBN: 978-1-4614-6171-5

Yanjie, B & Ikeda, K.(池田謙一) (2014).
East Asian Social Networks.
東アジアのソーシャル・ネットワークの比較分析
R. Alhajj, & J. Rokne (Eds.) (2014). Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining. Springer.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6170-8