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Majima et al. (2017)
Majima, Y. (眞嶋良全), Nishiyama K., Nishihara A., Hata, R. (2017).
Conducting Online Behavioral Research Using Crowdsourcing Services in Japan.
国内クラウドソーシングサービスを用いたオンライン行動研究
Frontiers in Psychology, 8:378.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00378
Recent research on human behavior has often collected empirical data from the online labor market, through a process known as crowdsourcing. As well as the United States and the major European countries, there are several crowdsourcing services in Japan. For research purpose, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is the widely used platform among those services. Previous validation studies have shown many commonalities between MTurk workers and participants from traditional samples based on not only personality but also performance on reasoning tasks. The present study aims to extend these findings to non-MTurk (i.e., Japanese) crowdsourcing samples in which workers have different ethnic backgrounds from those of MTurk. We conducted three surveys (N = 426, 453, 167, respectively) designed to compare Japanese crowdsourcing workers and university students in terms of their demographics, personality traits, reasoning skills, and attention to instructions. The results generally align with previous studies and suggest that non-MTurk participants are also eligible for behavioral research. Furthermore, small screen devices are found to impair participants’ attention to instructions. Several recommendations concerning this sample are presented.
Majima (2017)
Majima, Y. (眞嶋良全) (2017).
The Feasibility of a Japanese Crowdsourcing Service for Experimental Research in Psychology.
心理学の実験研究における国内クラウドソーシングサンプルの可能性
SAGE Open, 7(1).
doi: 10.1177/2158244017698731
Recent studies have empirically validated the data obtained from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Amazon’s Mechanical Turk workers behaved similarly not only in simple surveys but also in tasks used in cognitive behavioral experiments that employ multiple trials and require continuous attention to the task. The present study aimed to extend these findings to data from Japanese crowdsourcing pool in which participants have different ethnic backgrounds from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk workers. In five cognitive experiments, such as the Stroop and Flanker experiments, the reaction times and error rates of Japanese crowdsourcing workers and those of university students were compared and contrasted. The results were consistent with those of previous studies, although the students responded more quickly and poorly than the workers. These findings suggested that the Japanese crowdsourcing sample is another eligible participant pool in behavioral research; however, further investigations are needed to address issues of qualitative differences between student and worker samples.
Inaba et al. (2016)
Inaba, M. (稲葉美里), Takahashi, N. (高橋伸幸), Ohtsuki, H. (2016).
Robustness of linkage strategy that leads to large-scale cooperation.
大規模協力の達成を可能にする連結戦略の頑健性
Journal of Theoretical Biology, 409, 97-107.
doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.035
One of the most well-known models to characterize cooperation among unrelated individuals is Social dilemma (SD). However there is no consensus about how to solve the SD by itself. Since SDs are often embedded in other social interactions, including indirect reciprocity games (IR), human can coordinate their behaviors across multiple games. Such coordination is called ‘linkage’. Recently linkage has been considered as a promising solution to resolve SDs, since excluding SD defectors (i.e. those who defected in SD) from indirectly reciprocal relationships functions as a costless sanction. A previous study performed mathematical modeling and revealed that a linkage strategy, which cooperates in SD and engages in the Standing strategy in IR based on the recipients’ behaviors in both SD and IR, was an ESS against a non-linkage strategy which defects in SD and engages in the Standing strategy in IR based on recipients’ behaviors only in IR (Panchanathan and Boyd, 2004). In order to investigate the robustness of the linkage strategy, we devised a non-linkage strategy, which cooperates in SD but does not link two games. First, we conducted a mathematical analysis and demonstrated that the linkage strategy was not an ESS against cooperating non-linkage strategy. Second, we conducted a series of agent-based computer simulations to examine how the strategies perform in situations in which various types of errors can occur. Our results showed that the linkage strategy was an ESS only when there are implementation errors in SD. However, the equilibrium of the linkage strategy was unstable when there are perception errors. Since we know that humans are not free from perception errors in their social life, future studies will need to show how perception errors can be overcome in order to provide support for the conclusion that linkage is a plausible solution to SDs.
Ishii et al. (2017)
Ishii, K. (石井敬子), Eisen, C. (カリス・アイゼン), & Hitokoto, H. (一言英文) (2017).
The effects of social status and culture on delay discounting.
遅延割引における社会的地位と文化の効果
Japanese Psychological Research.
doi: 10.1111/jpr.12154
People generally tend to discount future outcomes in favor of smaller but immediate gains (i.e., delay discounting). This study examines the hypothesis that culture and social status moderate this tendency, as well as the alternative hypothesis that social status and culture influence delay discounting independently of each other. American and Japanese adults were asked to choose receiving hypothetical monetary rewards either immediately or receiving rewards of different amounts with a delay of 1 year. The results replicated previous findings and supported the alternative hypothesis. Delay discounting was lower when subjective socioeconomic status (i.e., an individual’s perception of her or his social rank) was higher. Also, the Japanese were less likely to discount future rewards than the Americans. However, there was no interaction between social status and culture in influencing the rates of delay discounting.
Kito et al. (2017)
Kito, M. (鬼頭美江), Yuki, M. (結城雅樹), & Thomson, R. (トムソン ロバート ジョン) (2017). Relational mobility and close relationships: A socioecological approach to explain cross-cultural differences. 関係流動性と対人関係：社会生態学的アプローチを用いた文化差の説明 Personal Relationships, 24, 114-130. doi: 10.1111/pere.12174
This article reviews how behaviors and psychological tendencies in close relationships differ between cultures, and proposes a socioecological framework to understand those differences. Our review of the literature finds that paradoxically, people in individualistic cultures are more actively engaged in close relationships (e.g., higher levels of social support, self-disclosure, intimacy, and love) than those in collectivistic cultures. From an adaptationist perspective, we argue that one reason for these differences is higher levels of relational mobility in individualistic cultures. In societies with high relational mobility, where relationships are relatively more fragile, more active engagement in close relationships helps individuals to impress potential, and retain current, partners. We emphasize the importance of examining socioecologies to better understand close relationships.
親密な対人関係における行動（e.g., ソーシャルサポート、自己開示）や心理過程（e.g., 親密性、愛）に関する比較文化研究のレビューを行い、「集団主義文化」よりも「個人主義文化」の方が、人々が対人関係に積極的に関わることを明らかにしました。文化心理学において意外なこの知見の原因を、高関係流動性社会への適応という観点から説明しています。つまり、「個人主義文化」では、関係流動性が高く、対人関係が解消されやすいため、対人関係に積極的に関わることにより、関係相手を惹きつけやすくなります。対人関係研究において、人々を取り巻く社会環境の影響を考慮する重要性について考察しています。
Kito (2016)
Kito, M. (鬼頭美江) (2016). Shared and unique prototype features of relationship quality concepts. 対人関係の良好さに関連する概念間で共通するプロトタイプ特徴と概念特有のプロトタイプ特徴 Personal Relationships, 23, 759-786. doi: 10.1111/pere.12156Previous research on relationship quality concepts suggests they are not as distinct as expected. What aspects are similar and distinct across these concepts? Using a prototype approach, this research identified the commonalities and uniqueness of 7 relationship quality concepts: commitment, intimacy, love, passion, satisfaction, trust, and relationship quality. The results indicated that (a) 4 features were shared across all 7 concepts, and some were exclusive to each concept, and (b) shared features were rated as more important for romantic relationship functioning than unique features both explicitly and implicitly. This research provides a framework to understand overarching and distinct aspects of relationship quality concepts and how this is reflected in people’s evaluation of what is important in romantic relationships.
Morinaga et al. (2017)
Morinaga, Y.（森永康子）, Sakamoto, Y., & Nakashima, K.（中島健一郎） (2017). Gender, Attitudes Toward War, and Masculinities in Japan. （日本におけるジェンダー，戦争に対する態度，そして男らしさ） Psychological Reports. doi: 10.1177/0033294117698463Previous studies have argued that masculinity is linked to war. We conducted a web-based survey to examine relationships between gender, attitudes toward war, and masculinities within a sample of Japanese adults of both sexes (N = 366). Our results indicated that while men were more likely than women to accept war, the relationship between attitudes toward war and masculinities was inconclusive. Moreover, the results suggested that favorable attitudes toward war among men could be attenuated by interpersonal orientations. Based on our findings, we recommend a reexamination of attitudes toward war within the Japanese population.
Yamamoto et al. (2017)
Yamamoto, H.(山本仁志), Okada, I., Uchida, S., & Sasaki, T. (2017). A norm knockout method on indirect reciprocity to reveal indispensable norms. 規範ノックアウト手法による協力の進化のための必須規範の解明 Scientific Reports, 7, 44146. doi: 10.1038/srep44146Although various norms for reciprocity-based cooperation have been suggested that are evolutionarily stable against invasion from free riders, the process of alternation of norms and the role of diversified norms remain unclear in the evolution of cooperation. We clarify the co-evolutionary dynamics of norms and cooperation in indirect reciprocity and also identify the indispensable norms for the evolution of cooperation. Inspired by the gene knockout method, a genetic engineering technique, we developed the norm knockout method and clarified the norms necessary for the establishment of cooperation. The results of numerical investigations revealed that the majority of norms gradually transitioned to tolerant norms after defectors are eliminated by strict norms. Furthermore, no cooperation emerges when specific norms that are intolerant to defectors are knocked out. プレスリリース：https://www.u-presscenter.jp/modules/bulletin/index.php?page=article&storyid=11071
Toyokawa (2017)
Toyokawa, W. （豊川航）(2017). Scrounging by foragers can resolve the paradox of enrichment. 捕食者による略奪行動が生物群集における富栄養化のパラドクスを解消する Royal Society Open Science, 4: 160830. doi:10.1098/rsos.160830Intuition and experimental evidence suggests that increases in prey availability lead to increases in predator populations. However, theoretical models paradoxically suggest that increased prey can lead to instability in the predator-prey ecosystem and possible extinction. To resolve this paradox, I considered social interactions between predators. Some predators produce (find their own prey) and others scrounge (join in on their companions’ prey). I showed mathematically that when scrounging is prevalent, the ecosystem becomes stable and hence, the paradox disappears. My results highlight the importance of social interactions within group-living animals in maintaining stability of ecological communities.
捕食者（例：ネコ）と被食者（例：ネズミ）の個体群増減を表現する単純な数理モデルを使うと、ネコにとっての餌であるネズミが潜在的にたくさん存在できる環境ほど、両種の個体群動態の振幅は大きくなり、かえって両種ともに絶滅のリスクが大きくなってしまうことが示されます（i.e. 富栄養化のパラドクス）。餌のネズミが沢山あるのにどちらも絶滅しやすくなるというこの理論的予測は、観察事実や実験データとうまく折り合いがつきません。1971年にこのパラドクスが提起されて以来、パラドクスを解消する様々な生態学的メカニズムが提案されてきました。本論文では、「餌探しをサボって他ネコの餌を横取りする（Scrounging）」という社会的採餌を仮定すると、ネコとネズミ両方の個体群動態が安定化し、「ネズミがたくさんいられればネコもたくさん（安定して）いられる」という常識に合った性質が出現し、パラドクスが解消することを示しました。つまり、「社会的採餌」という動物の社会心理学的現象（i.e. 種内相互作用）が、その種を取り巻く生物群集（i.e. 種間相互作用）の安定性に寄与することが理論的に示されたといえます。 （注：論文にはネコもネズミも一切登場しません。）
Ishii et al. (2017)
Ishii, K. (石井敬子), Matsunaga, M., Noguchi, Y., Yamasue, H. Ochi, M. (越智美早), & Ohtsubo, Y. (大坪庸介) (2017) . A polymorphism of serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) influences delay discounting. セロトニン2A受容体が遅延割引に影響する Personality and Individual Differences. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.011The present study investigated the association between a polymorphism of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) gene and the form of impulsive choice known as delay discounting. Using a hypothetical situation, we asked Japanese participants to choose between receiving (or paying) a different amount of money immediately or with a specified delay (one week, two weeks, one month, six months, one year, five years, or 25 years), and estimated the parameters of intertemporal choice models (exponential, hyperbolic, hyperbolic with exponent, and quasi-hyperbolic). Regardless of the genotypes, the hyperbolic with exponent model, which always indicated minimum AICc (Akaike Information Criterion with small sample correction), fitted better the observed data than the other models. Future gains were discounted more steeply than future losses. Moreover, as expected, individuals with the AA genotype of the 5-HT2AR A-1438G polymorphism discounted the future more steeply than did individuals with the GG genotype, although this effect was limited to only gains. The findings implied individual differences based on the A-1438G polymorphism in the modulation of serotonin in the reward valuation underlying delay discounting.