国際誌論文データベース

Yang, F.（楊帆）, & Oshio, A.（小塩真司） (2025). 
Using attachment theory to conceptualize and measure the experiences in human-AI relationships. 
人とAIの関係性における体験を愛着理論で概念化・測定する試み
Current Psychology.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07917-6

Artificial intelligence (AI) is growing “stronger and wiser,” leading to increasingly frequent and varied human-AI interactions. This trend is expected to continue. Existing research has primarily focused on trust and companionship in human-AI relationships, but little is known about whether attachment-related functions and experiences could also be applied to this relationship. In two pilot studies and one formal study, the current project first explored using attachment theory to examine human-AI relationships. Initially, we hypothesized that interactions with generative AI mimic attachment-related functions, which we tested in Pilot Study 1. Subsequently, we posited that experiences in human-AI relationships could be conceptualized via two attachment dimensions, attachment anxiety and avoidance, which are similar to traditional interpersonal dynamics. To this end, in Pilot Study 2, a self-report scale, the Experiences in Human-AI Relationships Scale, was developed. Further, we tested its reliability and validity in a formal study. Overall, the findings suggest that attachment theory significantly contributes to understanding the dynamics of human-AI interactions. Specifically, attachment anxiety toward AI is characterized by a significant need for emotional reassurance from AI and a fear of receiving inadequate responses. Conversely, attachment avoidance involves discomfort with closeness and a preference for maintaining emotional distance from AI. This implies the potential existence of shared structures underlying the experiences generated from interactions, including those with other humans, pets, or AI. These patterns reveal similarities with human and pet relationships, suggesting common structural foundations. Future research should examine how these attachment styles function across different relational contexts.

AIは本当に愛着対象になり得るのか。本研究では、中国の若者を対象に調査を行い、約半数がAIを「近接追求」「安全避難所」「安全基地」として利用していることが示唆された。 人とAIの関係は一方向的であり、物理的接触も存在しないが、その心理的体験は愛着理論によって説明可能であり、新たな対人理解の枠組みとなり得る。 本研究は、AIへの「真の愛着」が成立していると主張するものではない。むしろ、AIとのやり取りにおいて生じる体験が、構造的に愛着理論によって捉えうることを示した。「人間らしいAI」の追求と並行して、AIがもつ感情操作の力が引き起こす社会的影響にも真剣に向き合う必要がある。

Yang, F.（楊帆）& Oshio, A.（小塩真司） (2025).
The mediating role of mindfulness between attachment style and self-concept clarity within a dyadic context. 
二者間関係における愛着スタイルと自己概念明確性との間におけるマインドフルネスの媒介効果
Current Issues in Personality Psychology.
https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp/197265

Previous research has found that attachment style is associated with self-concept clarity, and mindfulness mediates this association at an individual level. However, there is currently a lack of research on the relationship between attachment style, mindfulness, and self-concept clarity from an interpersonal perspective. Therefore, the current study aimed to extend the relationship between attachment style and self-concept clarity to a dyadic context. To this end, we online recruited a final sample of 773 pairs of Chinese heterosexual couples (Mage = 35.43, SDage = 3.77 for wives; Mage = 37.46, SDage = 4.39 for husbands) to measure their attachment style, mindfulness, and self-concept clarity and conducted the actor-partner interdependence mediation modeling. Results indicate actor effects that one’s own mindfulness significantly mediated the relationship between one’s own attachment style (both avoidance and anxiety) and self-concept clarity for both women and men. Furthermore, as for the partner effect, the mindfulness of men significantly mediated the relationship between the attachment anxiety of women and the self-concept clarity of men. Altogether, we provide evidence that the impact of attachment style on self-concept clarity within a dyadic context and the level of husbands’ mindfulness could partly explain the relationship between wives’ attachment anxiety and husbands’ self-concept clarity. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Nozaki, Y.（野崎優樹） & Gross, J. J. (2025). 
Bridging supportive communication and interpersonal emotion regulation: An integrative review.
支援的コミュニケーション研究と対人的情動調整研究の橋渡し：統合的レビュー
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251335816

Social interactions that support people who are experiencing negative emotions are ubiquitous in a wide array of interpersonal relationships. These social interactions are referred to as supportive communication. Decades ago, Burleson and Goldsmith (1998) first noted a connection between supportive communication and emotion regulation, with the goal of explaining the underlying mechanisms by which supportive messages change the recipient’s negative emotions. Since then, contemporary emotion regulation theory has matured, and now can explain a broad range of supportive communication processes via the expansion of interpersonal emotion regulation research and the development of the process model of emotion regulation. This paper aims to describe how contemporary advances in emotion regulation theory and research can shed light on dynamic processes in supportive communication. We then discuss the implications of this updated view for both research fields and show how it can advance interdisciplinary research.

Ishihara, T., Tanaka, H.（田中大貴）, Kiyonari, T.（清成透子）, Matsuda, T., & Takagishi, H.（高岸治人） (2025). 
Multimodal imaging for identifying brain markers of human prosocial behavior.
ヒト向社会行動の脳マーカーを特定するためのマルチモーダルイメージング
eNEURO, Online ahead of print.
https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0304-24.2025

How humans achieve such a high degree of prosocial behavior is a subject of considerable interest. Exploration of the neural foundations of human prosociality has garnered significant attention in recent decades. Nevertheless, the neural mechanisms underlying human prosociality remain to be elucidated. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed multimodal brain imaging data and data from 15 economic games. The results revealed several significant associations between brain characteristics and prosocial behavior, including stronger interhemispheric connectivity and larger corpus callosum volume. Greater functional segregation and integration, alongside fewer myelin maps combined with a thicker cortex, was linked to prosocial behavior, particularly within the social brain regions. The current study demonstrates that these metrics serve as brain markers of human prosocial behavior and provides novel insights into the structural and functional brain basis of human prosocial behavior.

https://www.tamagawa.jp/research/brain/news/detail_24349.html

Yamamoto, H.(山本仁志), & Suzuki, T.(鈴木貴久) (2025).
Exploring condition in which people accept AI over human judgements on justified defection.
間接互恵におけるAIと人間の判断に対する受容の違い
Scientific Reports 15, 3339.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87170-w

As artificial intelligence (AI) technology is introduced into different areas of society, understanding people’s willingness to accept AI decisions emerges as a critical scientific and societal issue. It is an open question whether people can accept the judgement of humans or AI in situations where they are unsure of their judgement, as in the trolley problem. Here, we focus on justified defection (non-cooperation with a bad person) in indirect reciprocity because it has been shown that people avoid judging justified defection as good or bad. We explore which decisions people would accept when AI and humans make different decisions in the justified defection. Two experiments revealed that only when AI judged positively and a human judged negatively, people rated the AI’s judgement as better. The research suggests that people’s acceptance of AI decisions depends on estimating the hidden intentions behind societal norms. It offers new insights into human norm analysis by examining the differences in acceptance between AI and human judgments.

Yang, F.（楊帆）, & Oshio, A（小塩真司）. (2025). 
Not feeling safe enough to explore more aspects: Dichotomous thinking mediates the relationship between attachment style and resilience.
Journal of Individual Differences, 46(1).
安心感が不足するほど物事を多面的に捉えにくくなる：愛着スタイルとレジリエンスの関連における二分法的思考の媒介効果の検討
https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000432

Attachment style could be regarded as a prerequisite to resilience, playing an important role in positive adaptation, yet little is known about the mechanism of this attachment-resilience relationship. The present study explored the relationship between attachment style, dichotomous thinking, and resilience. Cross-sectional data from 3,760 participants were used for analysis. The results showed that attachment anxiety, not avoidance, had a statistically significant negative correlation with dichotomous thinking. Both attachment anxiety and avoidance had significant correlations with subscales of dichotomous thinking, though in different directions. Dichotomous thinking, preference for dichotomy, and profit-loss thinking were significantly associated with resilience, yet dichotomous belief was negatively associated with resilience. Attachment anxiety had a negative impact on resilience by increasing the level of dichotomous belief and a positive impact on resilience by increasing the level of preference for dichotomy. Attachment avoidance could have a negative impact on resilience by decreasing the level of preference for dichotomy and increasing the level of dichotomous belief. These findings suggest that dichotomous belief could be one shared feature of both dimensions of insecure attachment.

Suganuma, H. (菅沼秀蔵), Naito, A. (内藤碧), Katahira, K., & Kameda, T. (亀田達也) (2025).
When to stop social learning from a predecessor in an information-foraging task.
情報探索課題においていつ先達からの学習を止めるか
Evolutionary Human Sciences, 7.
https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2024.29

Striking a balance between individual and social learning is one of the key capabilities that support adaptation under uncertainty. Although intergenerational transmission of information is ubiquitous, little is known about when and how newcomers switch from learning loyally from preceding models to exploring independently. Using a behavioural experiment, we investigated how social information available from a preceding demonstrator affects the timing of becoming independent and individual performance thereafter. Participants worked on a 30-armed bandit task for 100 trials. For the first 15 trials, participants simply observed the choices of a demonstrator who had accumulated more knowledge about the environment and passively received rewards from the demonstrator’s choices. Thereafter, participants could switch to making independent choices at any time. We had three conditions differing in the social information available from the demonstrator: choice only, reward only or both. Results showed that both participants’ strategies about when to stop observational learning and their behavioural patterns after independence depended on the available social information. Participants generally failed to make the best use of previously observed social information in their subsequent independent choices, suggesting the importance of direct communication beyond passive observation for better intergenerational transmission under uncertainty. Implications for cultural evolution are discussed.

Sasaki, H., Hayashi, Y.（林洋一郎）, & Ochi, T. (2024). 
Interaction of Cognitive and Motivational Processes in Asymmetric Preferences for Gains and Losses.
利得と損失に対する非対称な選好とその背後にある認知と動機づけの相互作用
Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 46(6), 446-455.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01973533.2024.2415914

An experiment on repetitive decision-making was conducted to explore the interaction between cognitive and motivational processes in decision-making. The gain-loss framing of risky choice options was manipulated to investigate cognition, and participants’ chronic regulatory focus was measured to assess motivation. Risky choice demonstrated interactive effects between gain-loss framing and regulatory focus. Participants made less risky or riskier choices in the gain or loss condition, respectively. Furthermore, promotion or prevention-focused individuals chose the risky option more frequently in the gain or loss condition, respectively. The results for response times showed the main effects for the two factors, with no interaction. These results, along with supplementary post-hoc analyses, provide evidence that cognitive and motivational processes are simultaneously involved in risky decision-making.

Ozono, H.（大薗博記）, & Nakama, D.（仲間大輔） (2024).
I will hold a weapon if you hold one: Experiments of preemptive strike game with possession option.
もしあなたが武器を持つなら私も手にする：保持選択付き先制攻撃ゲームによる実験
Evolution and Human Behavior, 45(6), 106635.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106635

Force possession in an inter-personal or inter-group context has been a familiar issue in human evolution and continues to be important today. The puzzle around force possession is that it may result in escalation of force and increase the risk of being attacked even if the force possession is originally intended for self-defense. However, there are few relevant empirical studies. This study examined the determinants of force possession by developing the preemptive strike game to include a possession option. In this game, each player (who is matched with one opponent) decides whether to possess an attack button and, if they possess, they can decide whether to push the button (attack the opponent). If neither the player nor the opponent attack, nothing happens, but if a player attacks first, the player loses a small amount of resources, but the one who is attacked loses significant resources. In this situation, possessing the button raise the potential risk of being attacked due to fear. In Study 1, 182 participants (online crowd workers) played the game, and the results showed the tendency to seek a balance of forces, that is, the higher the opponent’s expected probability of possession, the more likely participants were to decide to possess. However, the opponent’s probability of possession was the measured expectations by the participants. To clarify the causality, in Study 2 with 131 participants (online crowd workers), we experimentally manipulated the probability of the opponent’s possession, and confirmed the same tendency. We discuss the implications and the limitations.

研究内容は、読売新聞オンラインの記事（2024年12月15日）で紹介されました。
https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20241212-OYT1T50139/
一時、ヤフーニュースでも取り上げられましたが、ヤフコメを見る限り、様々な誤解が生じてしまい、研究内容が十分に伝わらなかったようでした。そこで、詳しい研究紹介と、いただいたご意見に対する見解をまとめて、投稿サイト『note』の記事として公開しました。ぜひこちらをご参照ください。
https://note.com/firm_crocus3834/n/ncbd4a713f74d

Ogihara, Y. (荻原祐二), & Uchida, Y. (内田由紀子) (2024). 
Seeking unique dogs: The increase in individualism in Japan.
個性的な犬を求めて：日本における個人主義傾向の増加
Acta Psychologica, 251, 104558. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104558 

Previous research indicated that Japanese culture came to increasingly emphasize uniqueness, showing a rise in individualism. However, such research focused on the naming of babies, making it unclear whether this trend was found in other behaviors. Therefore, the current research examined temporal changes in the behavior of choosing dog types. Study 1 confirmed that choosing hybrid dogs (mixed-breed dogs created by crossing purebred dogs) as a form of uniqueness-seeking was shared in Japanese culture. Study 2 indicated that the ownership rates of unique hybrid dogs increased and the ownership rates of common purebred dogs decreased between 2008 and 2017. Study 3 showed that people increasingly sought information about hybrid dogs online between 2004 and 2018. Study 4 demonstrated that articles in newspapers referring to hybrid dogs increased between 2003 and 2018. These results consistently suggest that people in Japan came to seek more uniqueness and Japanese culture became more individualistic.

[概要] 先行研究は、日本文化では個性をより強調するようになり、個人主義化が進んでいることを示した。しかし、命名行動については検討されていたが、その変化が他の行動においても同様にみられるかどうかは明らかでなかった。そこで本研究では、飼育する犬の種類における選択行動の経時的変化を検討した。研究1は、ミックス犬（純血犬種を交配させて産まれた交雑犬）は個性的であることが、社会で共有されていることを確認した。研究2は、2008年から2017年において、ミックス犬の飼育率が増加し、一般的な純血犬の飼育率は減少していることを示した。研究3は、2004年から2018年において、人々はオンライン上でミックス犬の情報をより探索するようになっていることを示した。研究4は、2003年から2018年において、ミックス犬について言及している新聞記事の割合が増加していることを示した。これらの結果は、一貫して日本の人々はより個性を追求しており、日本文化がより個人主義化していることを示している。

[X (Twitter) post] https://x.com/Yu_Ogihara/status/1867070138853609685